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  12 .TH STRFTIME 3C "Sep 5, 2006"
  13 .SH NAME
  14 strftime, cftime, ascftime \- convert date and time to string
  15 .SH SYNOPSIS
  16 .LP
  17 .nf
  18 #include <time.h>
  19 
  20 \fBsize_t\fR \fBstrftime\fR(\fBchar *restrict\fR \fIs\fR, \fBsize_t\fR \fImaxsize\fR,
  21      \fBconst char *restrict\fR \fIformat\fR,
  22      \fBconst struct tm *restrict\fR \fItimeptr\fR);
  23 .fi
  24 
  25 .LP
  26 .nf
  27 \fBint\fR \fBcftime\fR(\fBchar *\fR\fIs\fR, \fBchar *\fR\fIformat\fR, \fBconst time_t *\fR\fIclock\fR);
  28 .fi
  29 
  30 .LP
  31 .nf
  32 \fBint\fR \fBascftime\fR(\fBchar *\fR\fIs\fR, \fBconst char *\fR\fIformat\fR,
  33      \fBconst struct tm *\fR\fItimeptr\fR);
  34 .fi
  35 
  36 .SH DESCRIPTION
  37 .sp
  38 .LP
  39 The \fBstrftime()\fR, \fBascftime()\fR, and \fBcftime()\fR functions place
  40 bytes into the array pointed to by \fIs\fR as controlled by the string pointed
  41 to by \fIformat\fR. The \fIformat\fR string consists of zero or more conversion
  42 specifications and ordinary characters.  A conversion specification consists of
  43 a '\fB%\fR' (percent) character and one or two terminating conversion
  44 characters that determine the conversion specification's behavior.  All
  45 ordinary characters (including the terminating null byte) are copied unchanged
  46 into the array pointed to by \fIs\fR. If copying takes place between objects
  47 that overlap, the behavior is undefined. For \fBstrftime()\fR, no more than
  48 \fImaxsize\fR bytes are placed into the array.
  49 .sp
  50 .LP
  51 If \fIformat\fR is \fB(char *)0\fR, then the locale's default format is used.
  52 For \fBstrftime()\fR the default format is the same as \fB%c\fR; for
  53 \fBcftime()\fR and \fBascftime()\fR the default format is the same as \fB%C\fR.
  54 \fBcftime()\fR and \fBascftime()\fR first try to use the value of the
  55 environment variable \fBCFTIME\fR, and if that is undefined or empty, the
  56 default format is used.
  57 .sp
  58 .LP
  59 Each conversion specification is replaced by appropriate characters as
  60 described in the following list. The appropriate characters are determined by
  61 the \fBLC_TIME\fR category of the program's locale and by the values contained
  62 in the structure pointed to by \fItimeptr\fR for \fBstrftime()\fR and
  63 \fBascftime()\fR, and by the time represented by \fIclock\fR for
  64 \fBcftime()\fR.
  65 .sp
  66 .ne 2
  67 .na
  68 \fB\fB%%\fR\fR
  69 .ad
  70 .RS 6n
  71 Same as \fB%\fR.
  72 .RE
  73 
  74 .sp
  75 .ne 2
  76 .na
  77 \fB\fB%a\fR\fR
  78 .ad
  79 .RS 6n
  80 Locale's abbreviated weekday name.
  81 .RE
  82 
  83 .sp
  84 .ne 2
  85 .na
  86 \fB\fB%A\fR\fR
  87 .ad
  88 .RS 6n
  89 Locale's full weekday name.
  90 .RE
  91 
  92 .sp
  93 .ne 2
  94 .na
  95 \fB\fB%b\fR\fR
  96 .ad
  97 .RS 6n
  98 Locale's abbreviated month name.
  99 .RE
 100 
 101 .sp
 102 .ne 2
 103 .na
 104 \fB\fB%B\fR\fR
 105 .ad
 106 .RS 6n
 107 Locale's full month name.
 108 .RE
 109 
 110 .SS "Default"
 111 .sp
 112 .ne 2
 113 .na
 114 \fB\fB%c\fR\fR
 115 .ad
 116 .RS 6n
 117 Locale's appropriate date and time represented as:
 118 .sp
 119 .in +2
 120 .nf
 121 %a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y
 122 .fi
 123 .in -2
 124 
 125 This is the default behavior as well as standard-conforming behavior for
 126 standards first supported by releases prior to Solaris 2.4. See
 127 \fBstandards\fR(5).
 128 .RE
 129 
 130 .SS "Standard conforming"
 131 .sp
 132 .ne 2
 133 .na
 134 \fB\fB%c\fR\fR
 135 .ad
 136 .RS 6n
 137 Locale's appropriate date and time represented as:
 138 .sp
 139 .in +2
 140 .nf
 141 %a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y
 142 .fi
 143 .in -2
 144 
 145 This is standard-conforming behavior for standards first supported by Solaris
 146 2.4 through Solaris 10.
 147 .RE
 148 
 149 .SS "Default"
 150 .sp
 151 .ne 2
 152 .na
 153 \fB\fB%C\fR\fR
 154 .ad
 155 .RS 6n
 156 Locale's date and time representation as produced by \fBdate\fR(1).
 157 .sp
 158 This is the default behavior as well as standard-conforming behavior for
 159 standards first supported by releases prior to Solaris 2.4.
 160 .RE
 161 
 162 .SS "Standard conforming"
 163 .sp
 164 .ne 2
 165 .na
 166 \fB\fB%C\fR\fR
 167 .ad
 168 .RS 6n
 169 Century number (the year divided by 100 and truncated to an integer as a
 170 decimal number [01,99]).
 171 .sp
 172 This is standard-conforming behavior for standards first supported by Solaris
 173 2.4 through Solaris 10.
 174 .RE
 175 
 176 .sp
 177 .ne 2
 178 .na
 179 \fB\fB%d\fR\fR
 180 .ad
 181 .RS 6n
 182 Day of month [01,31].
 183 .RE
 184 
 185 .sp
 186 .ne 2
 187 .na
 188 \fB\fB%D\fR\fR
 189 .ad
 190 .RS 6n
 191 Date as \fB%m\fR/\fB%d\fR/\fB%y\fR.
 192 .RE
 193 
 194 .sp
 195 .ne 2
 196 .na
 197 \fB\fB%e\fR\fR
 198 .ad
 199 .RS 6n
 200 Day of month [1,31]; single  digits are preceded by a space.
 201 .RE
 202 
 203 .sp
 204 .ne 2
 205 .na
 206 \fB\fB%F\fR\fR
 207 .ad
 208 .RS 6n
 209 Equivalent to \fB%Y\fR-\fB%m\fR-\fB%d\fR (the ISO 8601:2000 standard date
 210 format).
 211 .RE
 212 
 213 .sp
 214 .ne 2
 215 .na
 216 \fB\fB%g\fR\fR
 217 .ad
 218 .RS 6n
 219 Week-based year within century [00,99].
 220 .RE
 221 
 222 .sp
 223 .ne 2
 224 .na
 225 \fB\fB%G\fR\fR
 226 .ad
 227 .RS 6n
 228 Week-based year, including the century [0000,9999].
 229 .RE
 230 
 231 .sp
 232 .ne 2
 233 .na
 234 \fB\fB%h\fR\fR
 235 .ad
 236 .RS 6n
 237 Locale's abbreviated month name.
 238 .RE
 239 
 240 .sp
 241 .ne 2
 242 .na
 243 \fB\fB%H\fR\fR
 244 .ad
 245 .RS 6n
 246 Hour (24-hour clock) [00,23].
 247 .RE
 248 
 249 .sp
 250 .ne 2
 251 .na
 252 \fB\fB%I\fR\fR
 253 .ad
 254 .RS 6n
 255 Hour (12-hour clock) [01,12].
 256 .RE
 257 
 258 .sp
 259 .ne 2
 260 .na
 261 \fB\fB%j\fR\fR
 262 .ad
 263 .RS 6n
 264 Day number of year [001,366].
 265 .RE
 266 
 267 .sp
 268 .ne 2
 269 .na
 270 \fB\fB%k\fR\fR
 271 .ad
 272 .RS 6n
 273 Hour (24-hour clock) [0,23]; single digits are preceded by a space.
 274 .RE
 275 
 276 .sp
 277 .ne 2
 278 .na
 279 \fB\fB%l\fR\fR
 280 .ad
 281 .RS 6n
 282 Hour (12-hour clock) [1,12]; single digits are preceded by a space.
 283 .RE
 284 
 285 .sp
 286 .ne 2
 287 .na
 288 \fB\fB%m\fR\fR
 289 .ad
 290 .RS 6n
 291 Month number [01,12].
 292 .RE
 293 
 294 .sp
 295 .ne 2
 296 .na
 297 \fB\fB%M\fR\fR
 298 .ad
 299 .RS 6n
 300 Minute [00,59].
 301 .RE
 302 
 303 .sp
 304 .ne 2
 305 .na
 306 \fB\fB%n\fR\fR
 307 .ad
 308 .RS 6n
 309 Insert a NEWLINE.
 310 .RE
 311 
 312 .sp
 313 .ne 2
 314 .na
 315 \fB\fB%p\fR\fR
 316 .ad
 317 .RS 6n
 318 Locale's equivalent of either a.m. or p.m.
 319 .RE
 320 
 321 .sp
 322 .ne 2
 323 .na
 324 \fB\fB%r\fR\fR
 325 .ad
 326 .RS 6n
 327 Appropriate time representation in 12-hour clock format with \fB%p\fR.
 328 .RE
 329 
 330 .sp
 331 .ne 2
 332 .na
 333 \fB\fB%R\fR\fR
 334 .ad
 335 .RS 6n
 336 Time as \fB%H\fR:\fB%M\fR.
 337 .RE
 338 
 339 .sp
 340 .ne 2
 341 .na
 342 \fB\fB%S\fR\fR
 343 .ad
 344 .RS 6n
 345 Seconds [00,60]; the range of values is [00,60] rather than [00,59] to allow
 346 for the occasional leap second.
 347 .RE
 348 
 349 .sp
 350 .ne 2
 351 .na
 352 \fB\fB%t\fR\fR
 353 .ad
 354 .RS 6n
 355 Insert a TAB.
 356 .RE
 357 
 358 .sp
 359 .ne 2
 360 .na
 361 \fB\fB%T\fR\fR
 362 .ad
 363 .RS 6n
 364 Time as \fB%H\fR:\fB%M\fR:\fB%S\fR.
 365 .RE
 366 
 367 .sp
 368 .ne 2
 369 .na
 370 \fB\fB%u\fR\fR
 371 .ad
 372 .RS 6n
 373 Weekday as a decimal number [1,7], with 1 representing Monday. See \fBNOTES\fR
 374 below.
 375 .RE
 376 
 377 .sp
 378 .ne 2
 379 .na
 380 \fB\fB%U\fR\fR
 381 .ad
 382 .RS 6n
 383 Week number of year as a decimal number [00,53], with Sunday as the first day
 384 of week 1.
 385 .RE
 386 
 387 .sp
 388 .ne 2
 389 .na
 390 \fB\fB%V\fR\fR
 391 .ad
 392 .RS 6n
 393 The ISO 8601 week number as a decimal number [01,53]. In the ISO 8601
 394 week-based system, weeks begin on a Monday and week 1 of the year is the week
 395 that includes both January 4th and the first Thursday of the year.  If the
 396 first Monday of January is the 2nd, 3rd, or 4th, the preceding days are part of
 397 the last week of the preceding year.  See \fBNOTES\fR below.
 398 .RE
 399 
 400 .sp
 401 .ne 2
 402 .na
 403 \fB\fB%w\fR\fR
 404 .ad
 405 .RS 6n
 406 Weekday as a decimal number [0,6], with 0 representing Sunday.
 407 .RE
 408 
 409 .sp
 410 .ne 2
 411 .na
 412 \fB\fB%W\fR\fR
 413 .ad
 414 .RS 6n
 415 Week number of year as a decimal number [00,53], with Monday as the first day
 416 of week 1.
 417 .RE
 418 
 419 .sp
 420 .ne 2
 421 .na
 422 \fB\fB%x\fR\fR
 423 .ad
 424 .RS 6n
 425 Locale's appropriate date representation.
 426 .RE
 427 
 428 .sp
 429 .ne 2
 430 .na
 431 \fB\fB%X\fR\fR
 432 .ad
 433 .RS 6n
 434 Locale's appropriate time representation.
 435 .RE
 436 
 437 .sp
 438 .ne 2
 439 .na
 440 \fB\fB%y\fR\fR
 441 .ad
 442 .RS 6n
 443 Year within century [00,99].
 444 .RE
 445 
 446 .sp
 447 .ne 2
 448 .na
 449 \fB\fB%Y\fR\fR
 450 .ad
 451 .RS 6n
 452 Year, including the century (for example 1993).
 453 .RE
 454 
 455 .sp
 456 .ne 2
 457 .na
 458 \fB\fB%z\fR\fR
 459 .ad
 460 .RS 6n
 461 Replaced by offset from UTC in ISO 8601:2000 standard format (\fB+hhmm\fR or
 462 \fB-hhmm\fR), or by no characters if no time zone is determinable. For example,
 463 "-0430" means 4 hours 30 minutes behind UTC (west of Greenwich). If
 464 \fBtm_isdst\fR is zero, the standard time offset is used.  If \fBtm_isdst\fR is
 465 greater than zero, the daylight savings time offset if used. If \fBtm_isdst\fR
 466 is negative, no characters are returned.
 467 .RE
 468 
 469 .sp
 470 .ne 2
 471 .na
 472 \fB\fB%Z\fR\fR
 473 .ad
 474 .RS 6n
 475 Time zone name or abbreviation, or no bytes if no time zone information exists.
 476 .RE
 477 
 478 .sp
 479 .LP
 480 If a conversion specification does not correspond to any of the above or to any
 481 of the modified conversion specifications listed below, the behavior is
 482 undefined and \fB0\fR is returned.
 483 .sp
 484 .LP
 485 The difference between \fB%U\fR and \fB%W\fR (and also between modified
 486 conversion specifications \fB%OU\fR and \fB%OW\fR) lies in which day is counted
 487 as the first of the week. Week number 1 is the first week in January starting
 488 with a Sunday for \fB%U\fR or a Monday for \fB%W\fR. Week number 0 contains
 489 those days before the first Sunday or Monday in January for \fB%U\fR and
 490 \fB%W\fR, respectively.
 491 .SS "Modified Conversion Specifications"
 492 .sp
 493 .LP
 494 Some conversion specifications can be modified by the \fBE\fR and \fBO\fR
 495 modifiers to indicate that an alternate format or specification should be used
 496 rather than the one normally used by the unmodified conversion specification.
 497 If the alternate format or specification does not exist in the current locale,
 498 the behavior will be as if the unmodified specification were used.
 499 .sp
 500 .ne 2
 501 .na
 502 \fB\fB%Ec\fR\fR
 503 .ad
 504 .RS 7n
 505 Locale's alternate appropriate date and time representation.
 506 .RE
 507 
 508 .sp
 509 .ne 2
 510 .na
 511 \fB\fB%EC\fR\fR
 512 .ad
 513 .RS 7n
 514 Name of the base year (period) in the locale's alternate representation.
 515 .RE
 516 
 517 .sp
 518 .ne 2
 519 .na
 520 \fB\fB%Eg\fR\fR
 521 .ad
 522 .RS 7n
 523 Offset from \fB%EC\fR of the week-based year in the locale's alternative
 524 representation.
 525 .RE
 526 
 527 .sp
 528 .ne 2
 529 .na
 530 \fB\fB%EG\fR\fR
 531 .ad
 532 .RS 7n
 533 Full alternative representation of the week-based year.
 534 .RE
 535 
 536 .sp
 537 .ne 2
 538 .na
 539 \fB\fB%Ex\fR\fR
 540 .ad
 541 .RS 7n
 542 Locale's alternate date representation.
 543 .RE
 544 
 545 .sp
 546 .ne 2
 547 .na
 548 \fB\fB%EX\fR\fR
 549 .ad
 550 .RS 7n
 551 Locale's alternate time representation.
 552 .RE
 553 
 554 .sp
 555 .ne 2
 556 .na
 557 \fB\fB%Ey\fR\fR
 558 .ad
 559 .RS 7n
 560 Offset from \fB%EC\fR (year only) in the locale's alternate representation.
 561 .RE
 562 
 563 .sp
 564 .ne 2
 565 .na
 566 \fB\fB%EY\fR\fR
 567 .ad
 568 .RS 7n
 569 Full alternate year representation.
 570 .RE
 571 
 572 .sp
 573 .ne 2
 574 .na
 575 \fB\fB%Od\fR\fR
 576 .ad
 577 .RS 7n
 578 Day of the month using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 579 .RE
 580 
 581 .sp
 582 .ne 2
 583 .na
 584 \fB\fB%Oe\fR\fR
 585 .ad
 586 .RS 7n
 587 Same as \fB%Od\fR.
 588 .RE
 589 
 590 .sp
 591 .ne 2
 592 .na
 593 \fB\fB%Og\fR\fR
 594 .ad
 595 .RS 7n
 596 Week-based year (offset from \fB%C\fR) in the locale's alternate representation
 597 and using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 598 .RE
 599 
 600 .sp
 601 .ne 2
 602 .na
 603 \fB\fB%OH\fR\fR
 604 .ad
 605 .RS 7n
 606 Hour (24-hour clock) using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 607 .RE
 608 
 609 .sp
 610 .ne 2
 611 .na
 612 \fB\fB%OI\fR\fR
 613 .ad
 614 .RS 7n
 615 Hour (12-hour clock) using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 616 .RE
 617 
 618 .sp
 619 .ne 2
 620 .na
 621 \fB\fB%Om\fR\fR
 622 .ad
 623 .RS 7n
 624 Month using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 625 .RE
 626 
 627 .sp
 628 .ne 2
 629 .na
 630 \fB\fB%OM\fR\fR
 631 .ad
 632 .RS 7n
 633 Minutes using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 634 .RE
 635 
 636 .sp
 637 .ne 2
 638 .na
 639 \fB\fB%OS\fR\fR
 640 .ad
 641 .RS 7n
 642 Seconds using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 643 .RE
 644 
 645 .sp
 646 .ne 2
 647 .na
 648 \fB\fB%Ou\fR\fR
 649 .ad
 650 .RS 7n
 651 Weekday as a number in the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 652 .RE
 653 
 654 .sp
 655 .ne 2
 656 .na
 657 \fB\fB%OU\fR\fR
 658 .ad
 659 .RS 7n
 660 Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) using the
 661 locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 662 .RE
 663 
 664 .sp
 665 .ne 2
 666 .na
 667 \fB\fB%Ow\fR\fR
 668 .ad
 669 .RS 7n
 670 Number of the weekday (Sunday=0) using the  locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 671 .RE
 672 
 673 .sp
 674 .ne 2
 675 .na
 676 \fB\fB%OW\fR\fR
 677 .ad
 678 .RS 7n
 679 Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) using the
 680 locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 681 .RE
 682 
 683 .sp
 684 .ne 2
 685 .na
 686 \fB\fB%Oy\fR\fR
 687 .ad
 688 .RS 7n
 689 Year (offset from \fB%C\fR) in the locale's alternate representation and using
 690 the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 691 .RE
 692 
 693 .SS "Selecting the Output Language"
 694 .sp
 695 .LP
 696 By default, the output of \fBstrftime()\fR, \fBcftime()\fR, and
 697 \fBascftime()\fR appear in U.S. English. The user can request that the output
 698 of \fBstrftime()\fR, \fBcftime()\fR, or \fBascftime()\fR be in a specific
 699 language by setting the \fBLC_TIME\fR category using \fBsetlocale()\fR.
 700 .SS "Time Zone"
 701 .sp
 702 .LP
 703 Local time zone information is used as though \fBtzset\fR(3C) were called.
 704 .SH RETURN VALUES
 705 .sp
 706 .LP
 707 The \fBstrftime()\fR, \fBcftime()\fR, and \fBascftime()\fR functions return the
 708 number of characters placed into the array pointed to by \fIs\fR, not including
 709 the terminating null character. If the total number of resulting characters
 710 including the terminating null character is more than \fImaxsize\fR,
 711 \fBstrftime()\fR returns \fB0\fR and the contents of the array are
 712 indeterminate.
 713 .SH EXAMPLES
 714 .LP
 715 \fBExample 1 \fRAn example of the \fBstrftime()\fR function.
 716 .sp
 717 .LP
 718 The following example illustrates the use of \fBstrftime()\fR for the
 719 \fBPOSIX\fR locale. It shows what the string in \fIstr\fR would look like if
 720 the structure pointed to by \fItmptr\fR contains the values corresponding to
 721 Thursday, August 28, 1986 at 12:44:36.
 722 
 723 .sp
 724 .in +2
 725 .nf
 726 \fBstrftime (str, strsize, "%A %b %d %j", tmptr)\fR
 727 .fi
 728 .in -2
 729 
 730 .sp
 731 .LP
 732 This results in \fIstr\fR containing "Thursday Aug 28 240".
 733 
 734 .SH ATTRIBUTES
 735 .sp
 736 .LP
 737 See \fBattributes\fR(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
 738 .sp
 739 
 740 .sp
 741 .TS
 742 box;
 743 c | c
 744 l | l .
 745 ATTRIBUTE TYPE  ATTRIBUTE VALUE
 746 _
 747 CSI     Enabled
 748 _
 749 Interface Stability     Committed
 750 _
 751 MT-Level        MT-Safe
 752 _
 753 Standard        See below.
 754 .TE
 755 
 756 .sp
 757 .LP
 758 For \fBstrftime()\fR, see \fBstandards\fR(5).
 759 .SH SEE ALSO
 760 .sp
 761 .LP
 762 \fBdate\fR(1), \fBctime\fR(3C), \fBmktime\fR(3C), \fBsetlocale\fR(3C),
 763 \fBstrptime\fR(3C), \fBtzset\fR(3C), \fBTIMEZONE\fR(4), \fBzoneinfo\fR(4),
 764 \fBattributes\fR(5), \fBenviron\fR(5), \fBstandards\fR(5)
 765 .SH NOTES
 766 .sp
 767 .LP
 768 The conversion specification for \fB%V\fR was changed in the Solaris 7 release.
 769 This change was based on the public review draft of the ISO C9x standard at
 770 that time. Previously, the specification stated that if the week containing 1
 771 January had fewer than four days in the new year, it became week 53 of the
 772 previous year. The ISO C9x standard committee subsequently recognized that that
 773 specification had been incorrect.
 774 .sp
 775 .LP
 776 The conversion specifications for \fB%g\fR, \fB%G\fR, \fB%Eg\fR, \fB%EG\fR, and
 777 \fB%Og\fR were added in the Solaris 7 release.  This change was based on the
 778 public review draft of the ISO C9x standard at that time. These specifications
 779 are evolving.  If the ISO C9x standard is finalized with a different
 780 conclusion, these specifications will change to conform to the ISO C9x standard
 781 decision.
 782 .sp
 783 .LP
 784 The conversion specification for \fB%u\fR was changed in the Solaris 8 release.
 785 This change was based on the XPG4 specification.
 786 .sp
 787 .LP
 788 If using the \fB%Z\fR specifier and \fBzoneinfo\fR timezones and if the input
 789 date is outside the range 20:45:52 UTC, December  13, 1901 to 03:14:07 UTC,
 790 January 19, 2038, the timezone name may not be correct.