1 '\" te
   2 .\" Copyright (c) 2014 Gary Mills
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  13 .TH STRFTIME 3C "Jan 3, 2014"
  14 .SH NAME
  15 strftime, cftime, ascftime \- convert date and time to string
  16 .SH SYNOPSIS
  17 .LP
  18 .nf
  19 #include <time.h>
  20 
  21 \fBsize_t\fR \fBstrftime\fR(\fBchar *restrict\fR \fIs\fR, \fBsize_t\fR \fImaxsize\fR,
  22      \fBconst char *restrict\fR \fIformat\fR,
  23      \fBconst struct tm *restrict\fR \fItimeptr\fR);
  24 .fi
  25 
  26 .LP
  27 .nf
  28 \fBint\fR \fBcftime\fR(\fBchar *\fR\fIs\fR, \fBchar *\fR\fIformat\fR, \fBconst time_t *\fR\fIclock\fR);
  29 .fi
  30 
  31 .LP
  32 .nf
  33 \fBint\fR \fBascftime\fR(\fBchar *\fR\fIs\fR, \fBconst char *\fR\fIformat\fR,
  34      \fBconst struct tm *\fR\fItimeptr\fR);
  35 .fi
  36 
  37 .SH DESCRIPTION
  38 .sp
  39 .LP
  40 The \fBstrftime()\fR, \fBascftime()\fR, and \fBcftime()\fR functions place
  41 bytes into the array pointed to by \fIs\fR as controlled by the string pointed
  42 to by \fIformat\fR. The \fIformat\fR string consists of zero or more conversion
  43 specifications and ordinary characters.  A conversion specification consists of
  44 a '\fB%\fR' (percent) character and one or two terminating conversion
  45 characters that determine the conversion specification's behavior.  All
  46 ordinary characters (including the terminating null byte) are copied unchanged
  47 into the array pointed to by \fIs\fR. If copying takes place between objects
  48 that overlap, the behavior is undefined. For \fBstrftime()\fR, no more than
  49 \fImaxsize\fR bytes are placed into the array.
  50 .sp
  51 .LP
  52 If \fIformat\fR is \fB(char *)0\fR, then the locale's default format is used.
  53 For \fBstrftime()\fR the default format is the same as \fB%c\fR; for
  54 \fBcftime()\fR and \fBascftime()\fR the default format is the same as \fB%+\fR.
  55 \fBcftime()\fR and \fBascftime()\fR first try to use the value of the
  56 environment variable \fBCFTIME\fR, and if that is undefined or empty, the
  57 default format is used.
  58 .sp
  59 .LP
  60 Each conversion specification is replaced by appropriate characters as
  61 described in the following list. The appropriate characters are determined by
  62 the \fBLC_TIME\fR category of the program's locale and by the values contained
  63 in the structure pointed to by \fItimeptr\fR for \fBstrftime()\fR and
  64 \fBascftime()\fR, and by the time represented by \fIclock\fR for
  65 \fBcftime()\fR.
  66 .sp
  67 .ne 2
  68 .na
  69 \fB\fB%%\fR\fR
  70 .ad
  71 .RS 6n
  72 Same as \fB%\fR.
  73 .RE
  74 
  75 .sp
  76 .ne 2
  77 .na
  78 \fB\fB%a\fR\fR
  79 .ad
  80 .RS 6n
  81 Locale's abbreviated weekday name.
  82 .RE
  83 
  84 .sp
  85 .ne 2
  86 .na
  87 \fB\fB%A\fR\fR
  88 .ad
  89 .RS 6n
  90 Locale's full weekday name.
  91 .RE
  92 
  93 .sp
  94 .ne 2
  95 .na
  96 \fB\fB%b\fR\fR
  97 .ad
  98 .RS 6n
  99 Locale's abbreviated month name.
 100 .RE
 101 
 102 .sp
 103 .ne 2
 104 .na
 105 \fB\fB%B\fR\fR
 106 .ad
 107 .RS 6n
 108 Locale's full month name.
 109 .RE
 110 
 111 .sp
 112 .ne 2
 113 .na
 114 \fB\fB%c\fR\fR
 115 .ad
 116 .RS 6n
 117 Locale's appropriate date and time representation.
 118 In the C locale, this format is:
 119 .sp
 120 .in +2
 121 .nf
 122 %a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y
 123 .fi
 124 .in -2
 125 .sp
 126 Other locales may have different locale-specific formats.
 127 .RE
 128 
 129 .sp
 130 .ne 2
 131 .na
 132 \fB\fB%C\fR\fR
 133 .ad
 134 .RS 6n
 135 Century number (the year divided by 100 and truncated to an integer as a
 136 decimal number [01,99]).
 137 .RE
 138 
 139 .sp
 140 .ne 2
 141 .na
 142 \fB\fB%d\fR\fR
 143 .ad
 144 .RS 6n
 145 Day of month [01,31].
 146 .RE
 147 
 148 .sp
 149 .ne 2
 150 .na
 151 \fB\fB%D\fR\fR
 152 .ad
 153 .RS 6n
 154 Date as \fB%m\fR/\fB%d\fR/\fB%y\fR.
 155 .RE
 156 
 157 .sp
 158 .ne 2
 159 .na
 160 \fB\fB%e\fR\fR
 161 .ad
 162 .RS 6n
 163 Day of month [1,31]; single  digits are preceded by a space.
 164 .RE
 165 
 166 .sp
 167 .ne 2
 168 .na
 169 \fB\fB%F\fR\fR
 170 .ad
 171 .RS 6n
 172 Equivalent to \fB%Y\fR-\fB%m\fR-\fB%d\fR (the ISO 8601:2000 standard date
 173 format).
 174 .RE
 175 
 176 .sp
 177 .ne 2
 178 .na
 179 \fB\fB%g\fR\fR
 180 .ad
 181 .RS 6n
 182 Week-based year within century [00,99].
 183 .RE
 184 
 185 .sp
 186 .ne 2
 187 .na
 188 \fB\fB%G\fR\fR
 189 .ad
 190 .RS 6n
 191 Week-based year, including the century [0000,9999].
 192 .RE
 193 
 194 .sp
 195 .ne 2
 196 .na
 197 \fB\fB%h\fR\fR
 198 .ad
 199 .RS 6n
 200 Locale's abbreviated month name.
 201 .RE
 202 
 203 .sp
 204 .ne 2
 205 .na
 206 \fB\fB%H\fR\fR
 207 .ad
 208 .RS 6n
 209 Hour (24-hour clock) [00,23].
 210 .RE
 211 
 212 .sp
 213 .ne 2
 214 .na
 215 \fB\fB%I\fR\fR
 216 .ad
 217 .RS 6n
 218 Hour (12-hour clock) [01,12].
 219 .RE
 220 
 221 .sp
 222 .ne 2
 223 .na
 224 \fB\fB%j\fR\fR
 225 .ad
 226 .RS 6n
 227 Day number of year [001,366].
 228 .RE
 229 
 230 .sp
 231 .ne 2
 232 .na
 233 \fB\fB%k\fR\fR
 234 .ad
 235 .RS 6n
 236 Hour (24-hour clock) [0,23]; single digits are preceded by a space.
 237 .RE
 238 
 239 .sp
 240 .ne 2
 241 .na
 242 \fB\fB%l\fR\fR
 243 .ad
 244 .RS 6n
 245 Hour (12-hour clock) [1,12]; single digits are preceded by a space.
 246 .RE
 247 
 248 .sp
 249 .ne 2
 250 .na
 251 \fB\fB%m\fR\fR
 252 .ad
 253 .RS 6n
 254 Month number [01,12].
 255 .RE
 256 
 257 .sp
 258 .ne 2
 259 .na
 260 \fB\fB%M\fR\fR
 261 .ad
 262 .RS 6n
 263 Minute [00,59].
 264 .RE
 265 
 266 .sp
 267 .ne 2
 268 .na
 269 \fB\fB%n\fR\fR
 270 .ad
 271 .RS 6n
 272 Insert a NEWLINE.
 273 .RE
 274 
 275 .sp
 276 .ne 2
 277 .na
 278 \fB\fB%p\fR\fR
 279 .ad
 280 .RS 6n
 281 Locale's equivalent of either a.m. or p.m.
 282 .RE
 283 
 284 .sp
 285 .ne 2
 286 .na
 287 \fB\fB%r\fR\fR
 288 .ad
 289 .RS 6n
 290 Appropriate time representation in 12-hour clock format with \fB%p\fR.
 291 .RE
 292 
 293 .sp
 294 .ne 2
 295 .na
 296 \fB\fB%R\fR\fR
 297 .ad
 298 .RS 6n
 299 Time as \fB%H\fR:\fB%M\fR.
 300 .RE
 301 
 302 .sp
 303 .ne 2
 304 .na
 305 \fB\fB%s\fR\fR
 306 .ad
 307 .RS 6n
 308 Seconds since 00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970.
 309 .RE
 310 
 311 .sp
 312 .ne 2
 313 .na
 314 \fB\fB%S\fR\fR
 315 .ad
 316 .RS 6n
 317 Seconds [00,60]; the range of values is [00,60] rather than [00,59] to allow
 318 for the occasional leap second.
 319 .RE
 320 
 321 .sp
 322 .ne 2
 323 .na
 324 \fB\fB%t\fR\fR
 325 .ad
 326 .RS 6n
 327 Insert a TAB.
 328 .RE
 329 
 330 .sp
 331 .ne 2
 332 .na
 333 \fB\fB%T\fR\fR
 334 .ad
 335 .RS 6n
 336 Time as \fB%H\fR:\fB%M\fR:\fB%S\fR.
 337 .RE
 338 
 339 .sp
 340 .ne 2
 341 .na
 342 \fB\fB%u\fR\fR
 343 .ad
 344 .RS 6n
 345 Weekday as a decimal number [1,7], with 1 representing Monday. See \fBNOTES\fR
 346 below.
 347 .RE
 348 
 349 .sp
 350 .ne 2
 351 .na
 352 \fB\fB%U\fR\fR
 353 .ad
 354 .RS 6n
 355 Week number of year as a decimal number [00,53], with Sunday as the first day
 356 of week 1.
 357 .RE
 358 
 359 .sp
 360 .ne 2
 361 .na
 362 \fB\fB%v\fR\fR
 363 .ad
 364 .RS 6n
 365 Date as \fB%e\fR-\fB%b\fR-\fB%Y\fR.
 366 .RE
 367 
 368 .sp
 369 .ne 2
 370 .na
 371 \fB\fB%V\fR\fR
 372 .ad
 373 .RS 6n
 374 The ISO 8601 week number as a decimal number [01,53]. In the ISO 8601
 375 week-based system, weeks begin on a Monday and week 1 of the year is the week
 376 that includes both January 4th and the first Thursday of the year.  If the
 377 first Monday of January is the 2nd, 3rd, or 4th, the preceding days are part of
 378 the last week of the preceding year.  See \fBNOTES\fR below.
 379 .RE
 380 
 381 .sp
 382 .ne 2
 383 .na
 384 \fB\fB%w\fR\fR
 385 .ad
 386 .RS 6n
 387 Weekday as a decimal number [0,6], with 0 representing Sunday.
 388 .RE
 389 
 390 .sp
 391 .ne 2
 392 .na
 393 \fB\fB%W\fR\fR
 394 .ad
 395 .RS 6n
 396 Week number of year as a decimal number [00,53], with Monday as the first day
 397 of week 1.
 398 .RE
 399 
 400 .sp
 401 .ne 2
 402 .na
 403 \fB\fB%x\fR\fR
 404 .ad
 405 .RS 6n
 406 Locale's appropriate date representation.
 407 .RE
 408 
 409 .sp
 410 .ne 2
 411 .na
 412 \fB\fB%X\fR\fR
 413 .ad
 414 .RS 6n
 415 Locale's appropriate time representation.
 416 .RE
 417 
 418 .sp
 419 .ne 2
 420 .na
 421 \fB\fB%y\fR\fR
 422 .ad
 423 .RS 6n
 424 Year within century [00,99].
 425 .RE
 426 
 427 .sp
 428 .ne 2
 429 .na
 430 \fB\fB%Y\fR\fR
 431 .ad
 432 .RS 6n
 433 Year, including the century (for example 1993).
 434 .RE
 435 
 436 .sp
 437 .ne 2
 438 .na
 439 \fB\fB%z\fR\fR
 440 .ad
 441 .RS 6n
 442 Replaced by offset from UTC in ISO 8601:2000 standard format (\fB+hhmm\fR or
 443 \fB-hhmm\fR), or by no characters if no time zone is determinable. For example,
 444 "-0430" means 4 hours 30 minutes behind UTC (west of Greenwich). If
 445 \fBtm_isdst\fR is zero, the standard time offset is used.  If \fBtm_isdst\fR is
 446 greater than zero, the daylight savings time offset if used. If \fBtm_isdst\fR
 447 is negative, no characters are returned.
 448 .RE
 449 
 450 .sp
 451 .ne 2
 452 .na
 453 \fB\fB%Z\fR\fR
 454 .ad
 455 .RS 6n
 456 Time zone name or abbreviation, or no bytes if no time zone information exists.
 457 .RE
 458 
 459 .sp
 460 .ne 2
 461 .na
 462 \fB\fB%+\fR\fR
 463 .ad
 464 .RS 6n
 465 Locale's date and time representation as produced by \fBdate\fR(1).
 466 .RE
 467 
 468 .sp
 469 .LP
 470 If a conversion specification does not correspond to any of the above or to any
 471 of the modified conversion specifications listed below, the behavior is
 472 undefined and \fB0\fR is returned.
 473 .sp
 474 .LP
 475 The difference between \fB%U\fR and \fB%W\fR (and also between modified
 476 conversion specifications \fB%OU\fR and \fB%OW\fR) lies in which day is counted
 477 as the first of the week. Week number 1 is the first week in January starting
 478 with a Sunday for \fB%U\fR or a Monday for \fB%W\fR. Week number 0 contains
 479 those days before the first Sunday or Monday in January for \fB%U\fR and
 480 \fB%W\fR, respectively.
 481 .SS "Modified Conversion Specifications"
 482 .sp
 483 .LP
 484 Some conversion specifications can be modified by the \fBE\fR and \fBO\fR
 485 modifiers to indicate that an alternate format or specification should be used
 486 rather than the one normally used by the unmodified conversion specification.
 487 If the alternate format or specification does not exist in the current locale,
 488 the behavior will be as if the unmodified specification were used.
 489 .sp
 490 .ne 2
 491 .na
 492 \fB\fB%Ec\fR\fR
 493 .ad
 494 .RS 7n
 495 Locale's alternate appropriate date and time representation.
 496 .RE
 497 
 498 .sp
 499 .ne 2
 500 .na
 501 \fB\fB%EC\fR\fR
 502 .ad
 503 .RS 7n
 504 Name of the base year (period) in the locale's alternate representation.
 505 .RE
 506 
 507 .sp
 508 .ne 2
 509 .na
 510 \fB\fB%Eg\fR\fR
 511 .ad
 512 .RS 7n
 513 Offset from \fB%EC\fR of the week-based year in the locale's alternative
 514 representation.
 515 .RE
 516 
 517 .sp
 518 .ne 2
 519 .na
 520 \fB\fB%EG\fR\fR
 521 .ad
 522 .RS 7n
 523 Full alternative representation of the week-based year.
 524 .RE
 525 
 526 .sp
 527 .ne 2
 528 .na
 529 \fB\fB%Ex\fR\fR
 530 .ad
 531 .RS 7n
 532 Locale's alternate date representation.
 533 .RE
 534 
 535 .sp
 536 .ne 2
 537 .na
 538 \fB\fB%EX\fR\fR
 539 .ad
 540 .RS 7n
 541 Locale's alternate time representation.
 542 .RE
 543 
 544 .sp
 545 .ne 2
 546 .na
 547 \fB\fB%Ey\fR\fR
 548 .ad
 549 .RS 7n
 550 Offset from \fB%EC\fR (year only) in the locale's alternate representation.
 551 .RE
 552 
 553 .sp
 554 .ne 2
 555 .na
 556 \fB\fB%EY\fR\fR
 557 .ad
 558 .RS 7n
 559 Full alternate year representation.
 560 .RE
 561 
 562 .sp
 563 .ne 2
 564 .na
 565 \fB\fB%Od\fR\fR
 566 .ad
 567 .RS 7n
 568 Day of the month using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 569 .RE
 570 
 571 .sp
 572 .ne 2
 573 .na
 574 \fB\fB%Oe\fR\fR
 575 .ad
 576 .RS 7n
 577 Same as \fB%Od\fR.
 578 .RE
 579 
 580 .sp
 581 .ne 2
 582 .na
 583 \fB\fB%Og\fR\fR
 584 .ad
 585 .RS 7n
 586 Week-based year (offset from \fB%C\fR) in the locale's alternate representation
 587 and using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 588 .RE
 589 
 590 .sp
 591 .ne 2
 592 .na
 593 \fB\fB%OH\fR\fR
 594 .ad
 595 .RS 7n
 596 Hour (24-hour clock) using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 597 .RE
 598 
 599 .sp
 600 .ne 2
 601 .na
 602 \fB\fB%OI\fR\fR
 603 .ad
 604 .RS 7n
 605 Hour (12-hour clock) using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 606 .RE
 607 
 608 .sp
 609 .ne 2
 610 .na
 611 \fB\fB%Om\fR\fR
 612 .ad
 613 .RS 7n
 614 Month using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 615 .RE
 616 
 617 .sp
 618 .ne 2
 619 .na
 620 \fB\fB%OM\fR\fR
 621 .ad
 622 .RS 7n
 623 Minutes using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 624 .RE
 625 
 626 .sp
 627 .ne 2
 628 .na
 629 \fB\fB%OS\fR\fR
 630 .ad
 631 .RS 7n
 632 Seconds using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 633 .RE
 634 
 635 .sp
 636 .ne 2
 637 .na
 638 \fB\fB%Ou\fR\fR
 639 .ad
 640 .RS 7n
 641 Weekday as a number in the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 642 .RE
 643 
 644 .sp
 645 .ne 2
 646 .na
 647 \fB\fB%OU\fR\fR
 648 .ad
 649 .RS 7n
 650 Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) using the
 651 locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 652 .RE
 653 
 654 .sp
 655 .ne 2
 656 .na
 657 \fB\fB%Ow\fR\fR
 658 .ad
 659 .RS 7n
 660 Number of the weekday (Sunday=0) using the  locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 661 .RE
 662 
 663 .sp
 664 .ne 2
 665 .na
 666 \fB\fB%OW\fR\fR
 667 .ad
 668 .RS 7n
 669 Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) using the
 670 locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 671 .RE
 672 
 673 .sp
 674 .ne 2
 675 .na
 676 \fB\fB%Oy\fR\fR
 677 .ad
 678 .RS 7n
 679 Year (offset from \fB%C\fR) in the locale's alternate representation and using
 680 the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 681 .RE
 682 
 683 .SS "Selecting the Output Language"
 684 .sp
 685 .LP
 686 By default, the output of \fBstrftime()\fR, \fBcftime()\fR, and
 687 \fBascftime()\fR appear in U.S. English. The user can request that the output
 688 of \fBstrftime()\fR, \fBcftime()\fR, or \fBascftime()\fR be in a specific
 689 language by setting the \fBLC_TIME\fR category using \fBsetlocale()\fR.
 690 .SS "Time Zone"
 691 .sp
 692 .LP
 693 Local time zone information is used as though \fBtzset\fR(3C) were called.
 694 .SH RETURN VALUES
 695 .sp
 696 .LP
 697 The \fBstrftime()\fR, \fBcftime()\fR, and \fBascftime()\fR functions return the
 698 number of characters placed into the array pointed to by \fIs\fR, not including
 699 the terminating null character. If the total number of resulting characters
 700 including the terminating null character is more than \fImaxsize\fR,
 701 \fBstrftime()\fR returns \fB0\fR and the contents of the array are
 702 indeterminate.
 703 .SH EXAMPLES
 704 .LP
 705 \fBExample 1 \fRAn example of the \fBstrftime()\fR function.
 706 .sp
 707 .LP
 708 The following example illustrates the use of \fBstrftime()\fR for the
 709 \fBPOSIX\fR locale. It shows what the string in \fIstr\fR would look like if
 710 the structure pointed to by \fItmptr\fR contains the values corresponding to
 711 Thursday, August 28, 1986 at 12:44:36.
 712 
 713 .sp
 714 .in +2
 715 .nf
 716 \fBstrftime (str, strsize, "%A %b %d %j", tmptr)\fR
 717 .fi
 718 .in -2
 719 
 720 .sp
 721 .LP
 722 This results in \fIstr\fR containing "Thursday Aug 28 240".
 723 
 724 .SH ATTRIBUTES
 725 .sp
 726 .LP
 727 See \fBattributes\fR(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
 728 .sp
 729 
 730 .sp
 731 .TS
 732 box;
 733 c | c
 734 l | l .
 735 ATTRIBUTE TYPE  ATTRIBUTE VALUE
 736 _
 737 CSI     Enabled
 738 _
 739 Interface Stability     Committed
 740 _
 741 MT-Level        MT-Safe
 742 _
 743 Standard        See below.
 744 .TE
 745 
 746 .sp
 747 .LP
 748 For \fBstrftime()\fR, see \fBstandards\fR(5).
 749 .SH SEE ALSO
 750 .sp
 751 .LP
 752 \fBdate\fR(1), \fBctime\fR(3C), \fBmktime\fR(3C), \fBsetlocale\fR(3C),
 753 \fBstrptime\fR(3C), \fBtzset\fR(3C), \fBTIMEZONE\fR(4), \fBzoneinfo\fR(4),
 754 \fBattributes\fR(5), \fBenviron\fR(5), \fBstandards\fR(5)
 755 .SH NOTES
 756 .sp
 757 .LP
 758 The conversion specification for \fB%V\fR was changed in the Solaris 7 release.
 759 This change was based on the public review draft of the ISO C9x standard at
 760 that time. Previously, the specification stated that if the week containing 1
 761 January had fewer than four days in the new year, it became week 53 of the
 762 previous year. The ISO C9x standard committee subsequently recognized that that
 763 specification had been incorrect.
 764 .sp
 765 .LP
 766 The conversion specifications for \fB%g\fR, \fB%G\fR, \fB%Eg\fR, \fB%EG\fR, and
 767 \fB%Og\fR were added in the Solaris 7 release.  This change was based on the
 768 public review draft of the ISO C9x standard at that time. These specifications
 769 are evolving.  If the ISO C9x standard is finalized with a different
 770 conclusion, these specifications will change to conform to the ISO C9x standard
 771 decision.
 772 .sp
 773 .LP
 774 The conversion specification for \fB%u\fR was changed in the Solaris 8 release.
 775 This change was based on the XPG4 specification.
 776 .sp
 777 .LP
 778 If using the \fB%Z\fR specifier and \fBzoneinfo\fR timezones and if the input
 779 date is outside the range 20:45:52 UTC, December  13, 1901 to 03:14:07 UTC,
 780 January 19, 2038, the timezone name may not be correct.
 781 .sp
 782 .LP
 783 The conversion specification for \fB%+\fR was added in illumos.
 784 It is not part of any standard, although it is available on a number
 785 of other platforms.
 786 Its use is discouraged for conforming applications.