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  44 .TH GLOB 3C "Nov 1, 2003"
  45 .SH NAME
  46 glob, globfree \- generate path names matching a pattern
  47 .SH SYNOPSIS
  48 .LP
  49 .nf
  50 #include <glob.h>
  51 
  52 \fBint\fR \fBglob\fR(\fBconst char *restrict\fR \fIpattern\fR, \fBint\fR \fIflags\fR,
  53      \fBint(*\fR\fIerrfunc\fR)(const char *\fIepath\fR, int \fIeerrno)\fR,
  54      \fBglob_t *restrict\fR \fIpglob\fR);
  55 .fi
  56 
  57 .LP
  58 .nf
  59 \fBvoid\fR \fBglobfree\fR(\fBglob_t *\fR\fIpglob\fR);
  60 .fi
  61 
  62 .SH DESCRIPTION
  63 .sp
  64 .LP
  65 The \fBglob()\fR function is a path name generator.
  66 .sp
  67 .LP
  68 The \fBglobfree()\fR function frees any memory allocated by \fBglob()\fR
  69 associated with \fIpglob\fR.
  70 .SS "\fIpattern\fR Argument"
  71 .sp
  72 .LP
  73 The argument \fIpattern\fR is a pointer to a path name pattern to be expanded.
  74 The \fBglob()\fR function matches all accessible path names against this
  75 pattern and develops a list of all path names that match. In order to have
  76 access to a path name, \fBglob()\fR requires search permission on every
  77 component of a path except the last, and read permission on each directory of
  78 any filename component of \fIpattern\fR that contains any of the following
  79 special characters:
  80 .sp
  81 .in +2
  82 .nf
  83 *        ?        [
  84 .fi
  85 .in -2
  86 
  87 .SS "\fIpglob\fR Argument"
  88 .sp
  89 .LP
  90 The structure type \fBglob_t\fR is defined in the header \fB<glob.h>\fR and
  91 includes at least the following members:
  92 .sp
  93 .in +2
  94 .nf
  95 size_t   gl_pathc;     /* Total count of paths matched by */
  96                        /* pattern */
  97 char     **gl_pathv;   /* List of matched path names */
  98 size_t   gl_offs;      /* # of slots reserved in gl_pathv */
  99 int      gl_matchc;    /* Count of paths matching pattern. */
 100 int      gl_flags;     /* Copy of flags parameter to glob. */
 101 .fi
 102 .in -2
 103 
 104 .sp
 105 .LP
 106 The \fBglob()\fR function stores the number of matched path names into
 107 \fIpglob\(mi>\fR\fBgl_pathc\fR and a pointer to a list of pointers to path
 108 names into \fIpglob\(mi>\fR\fBgl_pathv.\fR The path names are in sort order as
 109 defined by the current setting of the  \fBLC_COLLATE\fR category. The first
 110 pointer after the last path name is a \fINULL\fR pointer. If the pattern does
 111 not match any path names, the returned number of matched paths is set to 0, and
 112 the contents of \fIpglob\(mi>\fR\fBgl_pathv\fR are implementation-dependent.
 113 .sp
 114 .LP
 115 It is the caller's responsibility to create the structure pointed to by
 116 \fIpglob\fR. The \fBglob()\fR function allocates other space as needed,
 117 including the memory pointed to by \fBgl_pathv\fR. The \fBglobfree()\fR
 118 function frees any space associated with \fIpglob\fR from a previous call to
 119 \fBglob()\fR.
 120 .SS "\fIflags\fR Argument"
 121 .sp
 122 .LP
 123 The \fIflags\fR argument is used to control the behavior of \fBglob()\fR. The
 124 value of \fIflags\fR is a bitwise inclusive \fBOR\fR of zero or more of the
 125 following constants, which are defined in the header <\fBglob.h\fR>:
 126 .sp
 127 .ne 2
 128 .na
 129 \fB\fBGLOB_APPEND\fR\fR
 130 .ad
 131 .RS 17n
 132 Append path names generated to the ones from a previous call to \fBglob()\fR.
 133 .RE
 134 
 135 .sp
 136 .ne 2
 137 .na
 138 \fB\fBGLOB_DOOFFS\fR\fR
 139 .ad
 140 .RS 17n
 141 Make use of \fIpglob\(mi>\fR\fBgl_offs\fR\fI\&.\fR If this flag is set,
 142 \fIpglob\(mi>\fR\fBgl_offs\fR is used to specify how many \fINULL\fR pointers
 143 to add to the beginning of \fIpglob\(mi>\fR\fBgl_pathv\fR\fI\&.\fR In other
 144 words, \fIpglob\(mi>\fR\fBgl_pathv\fR will point to
 145 \fIpglob\(mi>\fR\fBgl_offs\fR \fINULL\fR pointers, followed by
 146 \fIpglob\(mi>\fR\fBgl_pathc\fR path name pointers, followed by a \fINULL\fR
 147 pointer.
 148 .RE
 149 
 150 .sp
 151 .ne 2
 152 .na
 153 \fB\fBGLOB_ERR\fR\fR
 154 .ad
 155 .RS 17n
 156 Causes \fBglob()\fR to return when it encounters a directory that it cannot
 157 open or read. Ordinarily, \fBglob()\fR continues to find matches.
 158 .RE
 159 
 160 .sp
 161 .ne 2
 162 .na
 163 \fB\fBGLOB_MARK\fR\fR
 164 .ad
 165 .RS 17n
 166 Each path name that is a directory that matches \fIpattern\fR has a slash
 167 appended.
 168 .RE
 169 
 170 .sp
 171 .ne 2
 172 .na
 173 \fB\fBGLOB_NOCHECK\fR\fR
 174 .ad
 175 .RS 17n
 176 If \fIpattern\fR does not match any path name, then \fBglob()\fR returns a list
 177 consisting of only \fIpattern\fR, and the number of matched path names is 1.
 178 .RE
 179 
 180 .sp
 181 .ne 2
 182 .na
 183 \fB\fBGLOB_NOESCAPE\fR\fR
 184 .ad
 185 .RS 17n
 186 Disable backslash escaping.
 187 .RE
 188 
 189 .sp
 190 .ne 2
 191 .na
 192 \fB\fBGLOB_NOSORT\fR\fR
 193 .ad
 194 .RS 17n
 195 Ordinarily, \fBglob()\fR sorts the matching path names according to the current
 196 setting of the \fBLC_COLLATE\fR category.  When this flag is used the order of
 197 path names returned is unspecified.
 198 .RE
 199 
 200 .sp
 201 .ne 2
 202 .na
 203 \fB\fBGLOB_ALTDIRFUNC\fR\fR
 204 .ad
 205 .RS 17n
 206 The following additional fields in the \fIpglob\fR structure
 207 have been initialized with alternate functions for
 208 \fBglob()\fR to use to open, read, and close directories and
 209 to get stat information on names found in those directories:
 210 .sp
 211 .nf
 212 void *(*gl_opendir)(const char *);
 213 struct dirent *(*gl_readdir)(void *);
 214 void (*gl_closedir)(void *);
 215 int (*gl_lstat)(const char *, struct stat *);
 216 int (*gl_stat)(const char *, struct stat *);
 217 .fi
 218 .sp
 219 This extension is provided to allow programs such as
 220 \fBufsrestore\fR(1M) to provide globbing from directories stored
 221 on tape.
 222 .RE
 223 
 224 .sp
 225 .ne 2
 226 .na
 227 \fB\fBGLOB_BRACE\fR\fR
 228 .ad
 229 .RS 17n
 230 Pre-process the pattern string to expand `{pat,pat,...}'
 231 strings like \fBcsh\fR(1).  The pattern `{}' is left unexpanded
 232 for historical reasons.  (\fBcsh\fR(1) does the same thing
 233 to ease typing of \fBfind\fR(1) patterns.)
 234 .RE
 235 
 236 .sp
 237 .ne 2
 238 .na
 239 \fB\fBGLOB_MAGCHAR\fR\fR
 240 .ad
 241 .RS 17n
 242 Set by the \fBglob()\fR function if the pattern included globbing
 243 characters.  See the description of the usage of
 244 the \fBgl_matchc\fR structure member for more details.
 245 .RE
 246 
 247 .sp
 248 .ne 2
 249 .na
 250 \fB\fBGLOB_NOMAGIC\fR\fR
 251 .ad
 252 .RS 17n
 253 Is the same as \fBGLOB_NOCHECK\fR but it only appends the
 254 pattern if it does not contain any of the special characters
 255 `*', `?', or `['.  \fBGLOB_NOMAGIC\fR is provided to
 256 simplify implementing the historic \fBcsh\fR(1) globbing behavior
 257 and should probably not be used anywhere else.
 258 .RE
 259 
 260 .sp
 261 .ne 2
 262 .na
 263 \fB\fBGLOB_QUOTE\fR\fR
 264 .ad
 265 .RS 17n
 266 This option has no effect and is included for backwards
 267 compatibility with older sources.
 268 .RE
 269 
 270 .sp
 271 .ne 2
 272 .na
 273 \fB\fBGLOB_TILDE\fR\fR
 274 .ad
 275 .RS 17n
 276 Expand patterns that start with `~' to user name home
 277 directories.
 278 .RE
 279 
 280 .sp
 281 .ne 2
 282 .na
 283 \fB\fBGLOB_LIMIT\fR\fR
 284 .ad
 285 .RS 17n
 286 Limit the amount of memory used by matches to \fIARG_MAX\fR.
 287 This option should be set for programs that can be coerced
 288 to a denial of service attack via patterns that
 289 expand to a very large number of matches, such as a long
 290 string of `*/../*/..'.
 291 .RE
 292 
 293 .sp
 294 .ne 2
 295 .na
 296 \fB\fBGLOB_KEEPSTAT\fR\fR
 297 .ad
 298 .RS 17n
 299 Retain a copy of the \fBstat\fR(2) information retrieved for
 300 matching paths in the gl_statv array:
 301 .sp
 302 .nf
 303 struct stat **gl_statv;
 304 .fi
 305 .sp
 306 This option may be used to avoid \fBlstat\fR(2) lookups in
 307 cases where they are expensive.
 308 .RE
 309 
 310 .sp
 311 .LP
 312 The \fBGLOB_APPEND\fR flag can be used to append a new set of path names to
 313 those found in a previous call to \fBglob()\fR. The following rules apply when
 314 two or more calls to \fBglob()\fR are made with the same value of \fIpglob\fR
 315 and without intervening calls to \fBglobfree()\fR:
 316 .RS +4
 317 .TP
 318 1.
 319 The first such call must not set \fBGLOB_APPEND.\fR All subsequent calls
 320 must set it.
 321 .RE
 322 .RS +4
 323 .TP
 324 2.
 325 All the calls must set \fBGLOB_DOOFFS,\fR or all must not set it.
 326 .RE
 327 .RS +4
 328 .TP
 329 3.
 330 After the second call, \fIpglob\(mi>\fR\fBgl_pathv\fR points to a list
 331 containing the following:
 332 .RS +4
 333 .TP
 334 a.
 335 Zero or more \fINULL\fR pointers, as specified by \fBGLOB_DOOFFS\fR and
 336 \fIpglob\(mi>\fR\fBgl_offs\fR.
 337 .RE
 338 .RS +4
 339 .TP
 340 b.
 341 Pointers to the path names that were in the \fIpglob\(mi>\fR\fBgl_pathv\fR
 342 list before the call, in the same order as before.
 343 .RE
 344 .RS +4
 345 .TP
 346 c.
 347 Pointers to the new path names generated by the second call, in the
 348 specified order.
 349 .RE
 350 .RE
 351 .RS +4
 352 .TP
 353 4.
 354 The count returned in \fIpglob\(mi>\fR\fBgl_pathc\fR will be the total
 355 number of path names from the two calls.
 356 .RE
 357 .RS +4
 358 .TP
 359 5.
 360 The application can change any of the fields after a call to \fBglob()\fR.
 361 If it does, it must reset them to the original value before a subsequent call,
 362 using the same \fIpglob\fR value, to \fBglobfree()\fR or \fBglob()\fR with the
 363 \fBGLOB_APPEND\fR flag.
 364 .RE
 365 .SS "\fIerrfunc\fR and \fIepath\fR Arguments"
 366 .sp
 367 .LP
 368 If, during the search, a directory is encountered that cannot be opened or read
 369 and \fIerrfunc\fR is not a \fINULL\fR pointer, \fBglob()\fR calls
 370 \fB(\fR\fI*errfunc\fR\fB)\fR with two arguments:
 371 .RS +4
 372 .TP
 373 1.
 374 The \fIepath\fR argument is a pointer to the path that failed.
 375 .RE
 376 .RS +4
 377 .TP
 378 2.
 379 The \fIeerrno\fR argument is the value of \fIerrno\fR from the failure, as
 380 set by the \fBopendir\fR(3C), \fBreaddir\fR(3C) or \fBstat\fR(2) functions.
 381 (Other values may be used to report other errors not explicitly documented for
 382 those functions.)
 383 .RE
 384 
 385 .sp
 386 .LP
 387 If \fB(\fR\fI*errfunc\fR\fB)\fR is called and returns non-zero, or if the
 388 \fBGLOB_ERR\fR flag is set in \fIflags\fR, \fBglob()\fR stops the scan and
 389 returns \fBGLOB_ABORTED\fR after setting \fIgl_pathc\fR and \fIgl_pathv\fR in
 390 \fIpglob\fR to reflect the paths already scanned. If \fBGLOB_ERR\fR is not set
 391 and either \fIerrfunc\fR is a \fINULL\fR pointer or
 392 \fB(\fR\fI*errfunc\fR\fB)\fR returns 0, the error is ignored.
 393 .SH RETURN VALUES
 394 .sp
 395 .LP
 396 On successful completion, \fBglob()\fR returns zero.
 397 In addition the fields of pglob contain the values described below:
 398 
 399 .sp
 400 .ne 2
 401 .na
 402 \fB\fBgl_pathc\fR\fR
 403 .ad
 404 .RS 16n
 405 Contains the total number of matched pathnames so far.
 406 This includes other matches from previous invocations of
 407 \fBglob()\fR if \fBGLOB_APPEND\fR was specified.
 408 .RE
 409 
 410 .sp
 411 .ne 2
 412 .na
 413 \fB\fBgl_matchc\fR\fR
 414 .ad
 415 .RS 16n
 416 Contains the number of matched pathnames in the current
 417 invocation of \fBglob()\fR.
 418 .RE
 419 
 420 .sp
 421 .ne 2
 422 .na
 423 \fB\fBgl_flags\fR\fR
 424 .ad
 425 .RS 16n
 426 Contains a copy of the flags parameter with the bit
 427 \fBGLOB_MAGCHAR\fR set if pattern contained any of the special
 428 characters `*', `?', or `[', cleared if not.
 429 .RE
 430 
 431 .sp
 432 .ne 2
 433 .na
 434 \fB\fBgl_pathv\fR\fR
 435 .ad
 436 .RS 16n
 437 Contains a pointer to a null-terminated list of matched
 438 pathnames.  However, if \fBgl_pathc\fR is zero, the contents of
 439 \fBgl_pathv\fR are undefined.
 440 .RE
 441 
 442 .sp
 443 .ne 2
 444 .na
 445 \fB\fBgl_statv\fR\fR
 446 .ad
 447 .RS 16n
 448 If the \fBGLOB_KEEPSTAT\fR flag was set, \fBgl_statv\fR contains a
 449 pointer to a null-terminated list of matched \fBstat\fR(2)
 450 objects corresponding to the paths in \fBgl_pathc\fR.
 451 .RE
 452 
 453 .sp
 454 .LP
 455 If \fBglob()\fR terminates due to an error, it sets \fBerrno\fR and
 456 returns one of the following non-zero constants. defined in <\fBglob.h\fR>:
 457 
 458 .sp
 459 .ne 2
 460 .na
 461 \fB\fBGLOB_ABORTED\fR\fR
 462 .ad
 463 .RS 16n
 464 The scan was stopped because \fBGLOB_ERR\fR was set or
 465 \fB(\fR\fI*errfunc\fR\fB)\fR returned non-zero.
 466 .RE
 467 
 468 .sp
 469 .ne 2
 470 .na
 471 \fB\fBGLOB_NOMATCH\fR\fR
 472 .ad
 473 .RS 16n
 474 The pattern does not match any existing path name, and \fBGLOB_NOCHECK\fR was
 475 not set in flags.
 476 .RE
 477 
 478 .sp
 479 .ne 2
 480 .na
 481 \fB\fBGLOB_NOSPACE\fR\fR
 482 .ad
 483 .RS 16n
 484 An attempt to allocate memory failed.
 485 .RE
 486 
 487 .sp
 488 .ne 2
 489 .na
 490 \fB\fBGLOB_NOSYS\fR\fR
 491 .ad
 492 .RS 16n
 493 The requested function is not supported by this version of
 494 \fBglob()\fR.
 495 .RE
 496 
 497 .LP
 498 The arguments \fIpglob\(mi>\fR\fBgl_pathc\fR and \fIpglob\(mi>\fR\fBgl_pathv\fR are still set as
 499 specified above.
 500 .sp
 501 .LP
 502 The \fBglobfree()\fR function returns no value.
 503 .SH USAGE
 504 .sp
 505 .LP
 506 This function is not provided for the purpose of enabling utilities to perform
 507 path name expansion on their arguments, as this operation is performed by the
 508 shell, and utilities are explicitly not expected to redo this. Instead, it is
 509 provided for applications that need to do path name expansion on strings
 510 obtained from other sources, such as a pattern typed by a user or read from a
 511 file.
 512 .sp
 513 .LP
 514 If a utility needs to see if a path name matches a given pattern, it can use
 515 \fBfnmatch\fR(3C).
 516 .sp
 517 .LP
 518 Note that \fBgl_pathc\fR and \fBgl_pathv\fR have meaning even if \fBglob()\fR
 519 fails. This allows \fBglob()\fR to report partial results in the event of an
 520 error. However, if \fBgl_pathc\fR is 0, \fBgl_pathv\fR is unspecified even if
 521 \fBglob()\fR did not return an error.
 522 .sp
 523 .LP
 524 The \fBGLOB_NOCHECK\fR option could be used when an application wants to expand
 525 a path name if wildcards are specified, but wants to treat the pattern as just
 526 a string otherwise.
 527 .sp
 528 .LP
 529 The new path names generated by a subsequent call with \fBGLOB_APPEND\fR are
 530 not sorted together with the previous path names. This mirrors the way that the
 531 shell handles path name expansion when multiple expansions are done on a
 532 command line.
 533 .sp
 534 .LP
 535 Applications that need tilde and parameter expansion should use the
 536 \fBwordexp\fR(3C) function.
 537 .SH EXAMPLES
 538 .LP
 539 \fBExample 1 \fRExample of \fBglob_doofs\fR function.
 540 .sp
 541 .LP
 542 One use of the \fBGLOB_DOOFFS\fR flag is by applications that build an argument
 543 list for use with the \fBexecv()\fR, \fBexecve()\fR, or \fBexecvp()\fR
 544 functions (see \fBexec\fR(2)). Suppose, for example, that an application wants
 545 to do the equivalent of:
 546 
 547 .sp
 548 .in +2
 549 .nf
 550 \fBls\fR \fB-l\fR *.c
 551 .fi
 552 .in -2
 553 
 554 .sp
 555 .LP
 556 but for some reason:
 557 
 558 .sp
 559 .in +2
 560 .nf
 561 system("ls -l *.c")
 562 .fi
 563 .in -2
 564 
 565 .sp
 566 .LP
 567 is not acceptable. The application could obtain approximately the same result
 568 using the sequence:
 569 
 570 .sp
 571 .in +2
 572 .nf
 573 globbuf.gl_offs = 2;
 574 glob ("*.c", GLOB_DOOFFS, NULL, &globbuf);
 575 globbuf.gl_pathv[0] = "ls";
 576 globbuf.gl_pathv[1] = "-l";
 577 execvp ("ls", &globbuf.gl_pathv[0]);
 578 .fi
 579 .in -2
 580 
 581 .sp
 582 .LP
 583 Using the same example:
 584 
 585 .sp
 586 .in +2
 587 .nf
 588 \fBls\fR \fB-l\fR *.c *.h
 589 .fi
 590 .in -2
 591 
 592 .sp
 593 .LP
 594 could be approximately simulated using \fBGLOB_APPEND\fR as follows:
 595 
 596 .sp
 597 .in +2
 598 .nf
 599 \fBglobbuf.gl_offs = 2;
 600 glob ("*.c", GLOB_DOOFFS, NULL, &globbuf);
 601 glob ("*.h", GLOB_DOOFFS|GLOB_APPEND, NULL, &globbuf);
 602 \&.\|.\|.\fR
 603 .fi
 604 .in -2
 605 
 606 .SH ATTRIBUTES
 607 .sp
 608 .LP
 609 See \fBattributes\fR(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
 610 .sp
 611 
 612 .sp
 613 .TS
 614 box;
 615 c | c
 616 l | l .
 617 ATTRIBUTE TYPE  ATTRIBUTE VALUE
 618 _
 619 Interface Stability     Standard
 620 _
 621 MT-Level        MT-Safe
 622 .TE
 623 
 624 .SH SEE ALSO
 625 .sp
 626 .LP
 627 \fBexecv\fR(2), \fBstat\fR(2), \fBfnmatch\fR(3C), \fBopendir\fR(3C),
 628 \fBreaddir\fR(3C), \fBwordexp\fR(3C), \fBattributes\fR(5), \fBstandards\fR(5)