1 '\" te
   2 .\" Copyright (c) 2014 Gary Mills
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  13 .TH STRFTIME 3C "Jan 3, 2014"
  14 .SH NAME
  15 strftime, strftime_l cftime, ascftime \- convert date and time to string
  16 .SH SYNOPSIS
  17 .LP
  18 .nf
  19 #include <time.h>
  20 
  21 \fBsize_t\fR \fBstrftime\fR(\fBchar *restrict\fR \fIs\fR, \fBsize_t\fR \fImaxsize\fR,
  22      \fBconst char *restrict\fR \fIformat\fR,
  23      \fBconst struct tm *restrict\fR \fItimeptr\fR);
  24 \fBsize_t\fR \fBstrftime_l\fR(\fBchar *restrict\fR \fIs\fR, \fBsize_t\fR \fImaxsize\fR,
  25      \fBconst char *restrict\fR \fIformat\fR,
  26      \fBconst struct tm *restrict\fR \fItimeptr\fR, \fBlocale_t\fR \fIloc\fR);
  27 .fi
  28 
  29 .LP
  30 .nf
  31 \fBint\fR \fBcftime\fR(\fBchar *\fR\fIs\fR, \fBchar *\fR\fIformat\fR, \fBconst time_t *\fR\fIclock\fR);
  32 .fi
  33 
  34 .LP
  35 .nf
  36 \fBint\fR \fBascftime\fR(\fBchar *\fR\fIs\fR, \fBconst char *\fR\fIformat\fR,
  37      \fBconst struct tm *\fR\fItimeptr\fR);
  38 .fi
  39 
  40 .SH DESCRIPTION
  41 .sp
  42 .LP
  43 The \fBstrftime()\fR, \fBascftime()\fR, and \fBcftime()\fR functions place
  44 bytes into the array pointed to by \fIs\fR as controlled by the string pointed
  45 to by \fIformat\fR. The \fIformat\fR string consists of zero or more conversion
  46 specifications and ordinary characters.  A conversion specification consists of
  47 a '\fB%\fR' (percent) character and one or two terminating conversion
  48 characters that determine the conversion specification's behavior.  All
  49 ordinary characters (including the terminating null byte) are copied unchanged
  50 into the array pointed to by \fIs\fR. If copying takes place between objects
  51 that overlap, the behavior is undefined. For \fBstrftime()\fR, no more than
  52 \fImaxsize\fR bytes are placed into the array. The \fBstrftime_l()\fR function
  53 behaves identically to \fBstrftime()\fR function, but instead of operating in
  54 the current locale, it operates in the locale specified by \fIloc\fR.
  55 .sp
  56 .LP
  57 If \fIformat\fR is \fB(char *)0\fR, then the locale's default format is used.
  58 For \fBstrftime()\fR the default format is the same as \fB%c\fR; for
  59 \fBcftime()\fR and \fBascftime()\fR the default format is the same as \fB%+\fR.
  60 \fBcftime()\fR and \fBascftime()\fR first try to use the value of the
  61 environment variable \fBCFTIME\fR, and if that is undefined or empty, the
  62 default format is used.
  63 .sp
  64 .LP
  65 Each conversion specification is replaced by appropriate characters as
  66 described in the following list. The appropriate characters are determined by
  67 the \fBLC_TIME\fR category of the program's locale and by the values contained
  68 in the structure pointed to by \fItimeptr\fR for \fBstrftime()\fR and
  69 \fBascftime()\fR, and by the time represented by \fIclock\fR for
  70 \fBcftime()\fR.
  71 .sp
  72 .ne 2
  73 .na
  74 \fB\fB%%\fR\fR
  75 .ad
  76 .RS 6n
  77 Same as \fB%\fR.
  78 .RE
  79 
  80 .sp
  81 .ne 2
  82 .na
  83 \fB\fB%a\fR\fR
  84 .ad
  85 .RS 6n
  86 Locale's abbreviated weekday name.
  87 .RE
  88 
  89 .sp
  90 .ne 2
  91 .na
  92 \fB\fB%A\fR\fR
  93 .ad
  94 .RS 6n
  95 Locale's full weekday name.
  96 .RE
  97 
  98 .sp
  99 .ne 2
 100 .na
 101 \fB\fB%b\fR\fR
 102 .ad
 103 .RS 6n
 104 Locale's abbreviated month name.
 105 .RE
 106 
 107 .sp
 108 .ne 2
 109 .na
 110 \fB\fB%B\fR\fR
 111 .ad
 112 .RS 6n
 113 Locale's full month name.
 114 .RE
 115 
 116 .sp
 117 .ne 2
 118 .na
 119 \fB\fB%c\fR\fR
 120 .ad
 121 .RS 6n
 122 Locale's appropriate date and time representation.
 123 In the C locale, this format is:
 124 .sp
 125 .in +2
 126 .nf
 127 %a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y
 128 .fi
 129 .in -2
 130 .sp
 131 Other locales may have different locale-specific formats.
 132 .RE
 133 
 134 .sp
 135 .ne 2
 136 .na
 137 \fB\fB%C\fR\fR
 138 .ad
 139 .RS 6n
 140 Century number (the year divided by 100 and truncated to an integer as a
 141 decimal number [01,99]).
 142 .RE
 143 
 144 .sp
 145 .ne 2
 146 .na
 147 \fB\fB%d\fR\fR
 148 .ad
 149 .RS 6n
 150 Day of month [01,31].
 151 .RE
 152 
 153 .sp
 154 .ne 2
 155 .na
 156 \fB\fB%D\fR\fR
 157 .ad
 158 .RS 6n
 159 Date as \fB%m\fR/\fB%d\fR/\fB%y\fR.
 160 .RE
 161 
 162 .sp
 163 .ne 2
 164 .na
 165 \fB\fB%e\fR\fR
 166 .ad
 167 .RS 6n
 168 Day of month [1,31]; single  digits are preceded by a space.
 169 .RE
 170 
 171 .sp
 172 .ne 2
 173 .na
 174 \fB\fB%F\fR\fR
 175 .ad
 176 .RS 6n
 177 Equivalent to \fB%Y\fR-\fB%m\fR-\fB%d\fR (the ISO 8601:2000 standard date
 178 format).
 179 .RE
 180 
 181 .sp
 182 .ne 2
 183 .na
 184 \fB\fB%g\fR\fR
 185 .ad
 186 .RS 6n
 187 Week-based year within century [00,99].
 188 .RE
 189 
 190 .sp
 191 .ne 2
 192 .na
 193 \fB\fB%G\fR\fR
 194 .ad
 195 .RS 6n
 196 Week-based year, including the century [0000,9999].
 197 .RE
 198 
 199 .sp
 200 .ne 2
 201 .na
 202 \fB\fB%h\fR\fR
 203 .ad
 204 .RS 6n
 205 Locale's abbreviated month name.
 206 .RE
 207 
 208 .sp
 209 .ne 2
 210 .na
 211 \fB\fB%H\fR\fR
 212 .ad
 213 .RS 6n
 214 Hour (24-hour clock) [00,23].
 215 .RE
 216 
 217 .sp
 218 .ne 2
 219 .na
 220 \fB\fB%I\fR\fR
 221 .ad
 222 .RS 6n
 223 Hour (12-hour clock) [01,12].
 224 .RE
 225 
 226 .sp
 227 .ne 2
 228 .na
 229 \fB\fB%j\fR\fR
 230 .ad
 231 .RS 6n
 232 Day number of year [001,366].
 233 .RE
 234 
 235 .sp
 236 .ne 2
 237 .na
 238 \fB\fB%k\fR\fR
 239 .ad
 240 .RS 6n
 241 Hour (24-hour clock) [0,23]; single digits are preceded by a space.
 242 .RE
 243 
 244 .sp
 245 .ne 2
 246 .na
 247 \fB\fB%l\fR\fR
 248 .ad
 249 .RS 6n
 250 Hour (12-hour clock) [1,12]; single digits are preceded by a space.
 251 .RE
 252 
 253 .sp
 254 .ne 2
 255 .na
 256 \fB\fB%m\fR\fR
 257 .ad
 258 .RS 6n
 259 Month number [01,12].
 260 .RE
 261 
 262 .sp
 263 .ne 2
 264 .na
 265 \fB\fB%M\fR\fR
 266 .ad
 267 .RS 6n
 268 Minute [00,59].
 269 .RE
 270 
 271 .sp
 272 .ne 2
 273 .na
 274 \fB\fB%n\fR\fR
 275 .ad
 276 .RS 6n
 277 Insert a NEWLINE.
 278 .RE
 279 
 280 .sp
 281 .ne 2
 282 .na
 283 \fB\fB%p\fR\fR
 284 .ad
 285 .RS 6n
 286 Locale's equivalent of either a.m. or p.m.
 287 .RE
 288 
 289 .sp
 290 .ne 2
 291 .na
 292 \fB\fB%r\fR\fR
 293 .ad
 294 .RS 6n
 295 Appropriate time representation in 12-hour clock format with \fB%p\fR.
 296 .RE
 297 
 298 .sp
 299 .ne 2
 300 .na
 301 \fB\fB%R\fR\fR
 302 .ad
 303 .RS 6n
 304 Time as \fB%H\fR:\fB%M\fR.
 305 .RE
 306 
 307 .sp
 308 .ne 2
 309 .na
 310 \fB\fB%s\fR\fR
 311 .ad
 312 .RS 6n
 313 Seconds since 00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970.
 314 .RE
 315 
 316 .sp
 317 .ne 2
 318 .na
 319 \fB\fB%S\fR\fR
 320 .ad
 321 .RS 6n
 322 Seconds [00,60]; the range of values is [00,60] rather than [00,59] to allow
 323 for the occasional leap second.
 324 .RE
 325 
 326 .sp
 327 .ne 2
 328 .na
 329 \fB\fB%t\fR\fR
 330 .ad
 331 .RS 6n
 332 Insert a TAB.
 333 .RE
 334 
 335 .sp
 336 .ne 2
 337 .na
 338 \fB\fB%T\fR\fR
 339 .ad
 340 .RS 6n
 341 Time as \fB%H\fR:\fB%M\fR:\fB%S\fR.
 342 .RE
 343 
 344 .sp
 345 .ne 2
 346 .na
 347 \fB\fB%u\fR\fR
 348 .ad
 349 .RS 6n
 350 Weekday as a decimal number [1,7], with 1 representing Monday. See \fBNOTES\fR
 351 below.
 352 .RE
 353 
 354 .sp
 355 .ne 2
 356 .na
 357 \fB\fB%U\fR\fR
 358 .ad
 359 .RS 6n
 360 Week number of year as a decimal number [00,53], with Sunday as the first day
 361 of week 1.
 362 .RE
 363 
 364 .sp
 365 .ne 2
 366 .na
 367 \fB\fB%v\fR\fR
 368 .ad
 369 .RS 6n
 370 Date as \fB%e\fR-\fB%b\fR-\fB%Y\fR.
 371 .RE
 372 
 373 .sp
 374 .ne 2
 375 .na
 376 \fB\fB%V\fR\fR
 377 .ad
 378 .RS 6n
 379 The ISO 8601 week number as a decimal number [01,53]. In the ISO 8601
 380 week-based system, weeks begin on a Monday and week 1 of the year is the week
 381 that includes both January 4th and the first Thursday of the year.  If the
 382 first Monday of January is the 2nd, 3rd, or 4th, the preceding days are part of
 383 the last week of the preceding year.  See \fBNOTES\fR below.
 384 .RE
 385 
 386 .sp
 387 .ne 2
 388 .na
 389 \fB\fB%w\fR\fR
 390 .ad
 391 .RS 6n
 392 Weekday as a decimal number [0,6], with 0 representing Sunday.
 393 .RE
 394 
 395 .sp
 396 .ne 2
 397 .na
 398 \fB\fB%W\fR\fR
 399 .ad
 400 .RS 6n
 401 Week number of year as a decimal number [00,53], with Monday as the first day
 402 of week 1.
 403 .RE
 404 
 405 .sp
 406 .ne 2
 407 .na
 408 \fB\fB%x\fR\fR
 409 .ad
 410 .RS 6n
 411 Locale's appropriate date representation.
 412 .RE
 413 
 414 .sp
 415 .ne 2
 416 .na
 417 \fB\fB%X\fR\fR
 418 .ad
 419 .RS 6n
 420 Locale's appropriate time representation.
 421 .RE
 422 
 423 .sp
 424 .ne 2
 425 .na
 426 \fB\fB%y\fR\fR
 427 .ad
 428 .RS 6n
 429 Year within century [00,99].
 430 .RE
 431 
 432 .sp
 433 .ne 2
 434 .na
 435 \fB\fB%Y\fR\fR
 436 .ad
 437 .RS 6n
 438 Year, including the century (for example 1993).
 439 .RE
 440 
 441 .sp
 442 .ne 2
 443 .na
 444 \fB\fB%z\fR\fR
 445 .ad
 446 .RS 6n
 447 Replaced by offset from UTC in ISO 8601:2000 standard format (\fB+hhmm\fR or
 448 \fB-hhmm\fR), or by no characters if no time zone is determinable. For example,
 449 "-0430" means 4 hours 30 minutes behind UTC (west of Greenwich). If
 450 \fBtm_isdst\fR is zero, the standard time offset is used.  If \fBtm_isdst\fR is
 451 greater than zero, the daylight savings time offset if used. If \fBtm_isdst\fR
 452 is negative, no characters are returned.
 453 .RE
 454 
 455 .sp
 456 .ne 2
 457 .na
 458 \fB\fB%Z\fR\fR
 459 .ad
 460 .RS 6n
 461 Time zone name or abbreviation, or no bytes if no time zone information exists.
 462 .RE
 463 
 464 .sp
 465 .ne 2
 466 .na
 467 \fB\fB%+\fR\fR
 468 .ad
 469 .RS 6n
 470 Locale's date and time representation as produced by \fBdate\fR(1).
 471 .RE
 472 
 473 .sp
 474 .LP
 475 If a conversion specification does not correspond to any of the above or to any
 476 of the modified conversion specifications listed below, the behavior is
 477 undefined and \fB0\fR is returned.
 478 .sp
 479 .LP
 480 The difference between \fB%U\fR and \fB%W\fR (and also between modified
 481 conversion specifications \fB%OU\fR and \fB%OW\fR) lies in which day is counted
 482 as the first of the week. Week number 1 is the first week in January starting
 483 with a Sunday for \fB%U\fR or a Monday for \fB%W\fR. Week number 0 contains
 484 those days before the first Sunday or Monday in January for \fB%U\fR and
 485 \fB%W\fR, respectively.
 486 .SS "Modified Conversion Specifications"
 487 .sp
 488 .LP
 489 Some conversion specifications can be modified by the \fBE\fR and \fBO\fR
 490 modifiers to indicate that an alternate format or specification should be used
 491 rather than the one normally used by the unmodified conversion specification.
 492 If the alternate format or specification does not exist in the current locale,
 493 the behavior will be as if the unmodified specification were used.
 494 .sp
 495 .ne 2
 496 .na
 497 \fB\fB%Ec\fR\fR
 498 .ad
 499 .RS 7n
 500 Locale's alternate appropriate date and time representation.
 501 .RE
 502 
 503 .sp
 504 .ne 2
 505 .na
 506 \fB\fB%EC\fR\fR
 507 .ad
 508 .RS 7n
 509 Name of the base year (period) in the locale's alternate representation.
 510 .RE
 511 
 512 .sp
 513 .ne 2
 514 .na
 515 \fB\fB%Eg\fR\fR
 516 .ad
 517 .RS 7n
 518 Offset from \fB%EC\fR of the week-based year in the locale's alternative
 519 representation.
 520 .RE
 521 
 522 .sp
 523 .ne 2
 524 .na
 525 \fB\fB%EG\fR\fR
 526 .ad
 527 .RS 7n
 528 Full alternative representation of the week-based year.
 529 .RE
 530 
 531 .sp
 532 .ne 2
 533 .na
 534 \fB\fB%Ex\fR\fR
 535 .ad
 536 .RS 7n
 537 Locale's alternate date representation.
 538 .RE
 539 
 540 .sp
 541 .ne 2
 542 .na
 543 \fB\fB%EX\fR\fR
 544 .ad
 545 .RS 7n
 546 Locale's alternate time representation.
 547 .RE
 548 
 549 .sp
 550 .ne 2
 551 .na
 552 \fB\fB%Ey\fR\fR
 553 .ad
 554 .RS 7n
 555 Offset from \fB%EC\fR (year only) in the locale's alternate representation.
 556 .RE
 557 
 558 .sp
 559 .ne 2
 560 .na
 561 \fB\fB%EY\fR\fR
 562 .ad
 563 .RS 7n
 564 Full alternate year representation.
 565 .RE
 566 
 567 .sp
 568 .ne 2
 569 .na
 570 \fB\fB%Od\fR\fR
 571 .ad
 572 .RS 7n
 573 Day of the month using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 574 .RE
 575 
 576 .sp
 577 .ne 2
 578 .na
 579 \fB\fB%Oe\fR\fR
 580 .ad
 581 .RS 7n
 582 Same as \fB%Od\fR.
 583 .RE
 584 
 585 .sp
 586 .ne 2
 587 .na
 588 \fB\fB%Og\fR\fR
 589 .ad
 590 .RS 7n
 591 Week-based year (offset from \fB%C\fR) in the locale's alternate representation
 592 and using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 593 .RE
 594 
 595 .sp
 596 .ne 2
 597 .na
 598 \fB\fB%OH\fR\fR
 599 .ad
 600 .RS 7n
 601 Hour (24-hour clock) using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 602 .RE
 603 
 604 .sp
 605 .ne 2
 606 .na
 607 \fB\fB%OI\fR\fR
 608 .ad
 609 .RS 7n
 610 Hour (12-hour clock) using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 611 .RE
 612 
 613 .sp
 614 .ne 2
 615 .na
 616 \fB\fB%Om\fR\fR
 617 .ad
 618 .RS 7n
 619 Month using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 620 .RE
 621 
 622 .sp
 623 .ne 2
 624 .na
 625 \fB\fB%OM\fR\fR
 626 .ad
 627 .RS 7n
 628 Minutes using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 629 .RE
 630 
 631 .sp
 632 .ne 2
 633 .na
 634 \fB\fB%OS\fR\fR
 635 .ad
 636 .RS 7n
 637 Seconds using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 638 .RE
 639 
 640 .sp
 641 .ne 2
 642 .na
 643 \fB\fB%Ou\fR\fR
 644 .ad
 645 .RS 7n
 646 Weekday as a number in the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 647 .RE
 648 
 649 .sp
 650 .ne 2
 651 .na
 652 \fB\fB%OU\fR\fR
 653 .ad
 654 .RS 7n
 655 Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) using the
 656 locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 657 .RE
 658 
 659 .sp
 660 .ne 2
 661 .na
 662 \fB\fB%Ow\fR\fR
 663 .ad
 664 .RS 7n
 665 Number of the weekday (Sunday=0) using the  locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 666 .RE
 667 
 668 .sp
 669 .ne 2
 670 .na
 671 \fB\fB%OW\fR\fR
 672 .ad
 673 .RS 7n
 674 Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) using the
 675 locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 676 .RE
 677 
 678 .sp
 679 .ne 2
 680 .na
 681 \fB\fB%Oy\fR\fR
 682 .ad
 683 .RS 7n
 684 Year (offset from \fB%C\fR) in the locale's alternate representation and using
 685 the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 686 .RE
 687 
 688 .SS "Selecting the Output Language"
 689 .sp
 690 .LP
 691 By default, the output of \fBstrftime()\fR, \fBcftime()\fR, and
 692 \fBascftime()\fR appear in U.S. English. The user can request that the output
 693 of \fBstrftime()\fR, \fBcftime()\fR, or \fBascftime()\fR be in a specific
 694 language by setting the \fBLC_TIME\fR category using \fBsetlocale()\fR.
 695 .SS "Time Zone"
 696 .sp
 697 .LP
 698 Local time zone information is used as though \fBtzset\fR(3C) were called.
 699 .SH RETURN VALUES
 700 .sp
 701 .LP
 702 The \fBstrftime()\fR, \fBcftime()\fR, and \fBascftime()\fR functions return the
 703 number of characters placed into the array pointed to by \fIs\fR, not including
 704 the terminating null character. If the total number of resulting characters
 705 including the terminating null character is more than \fImaxsize\fR,
 706 \fBstrftime()\fR returns \fB0\fR and the contents of the array are
 707 indeterminate.
 708 .SH EXAMPLES
 709 .LP
 710 \fBExample 1 \fRAn example of the \fBstrftime()\fR function.
 711 .sp
 712 .LP
 713 The following example illustrates the use of \fBstrftime()\fR for the
 714 \fBPOSIX\fR locale. It shows what the string in \fIstr\fR would look like if
 715 the structure pointed to by \fItmptr\fR contains the values corresponding to
 716 Thursday, August 28, 1986 at 12:44:36.
 717 
 718 .sp
 719 .in +2
 720 .nf
 721 \fBstrftime (str, strsize, "%A %b %d %j", tmptr)\fR
 722 .fi
 723 .in -2
 724 
 725 .sp
 726 .LP
 727 This results in \fIstr\fR containing "Thursday Aug 28 240".
 728 
 729 .SH ATTRIBUTES
 730 .sp
 731 .LP
 732 See \fBattributes\fR(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
 733 .sp
 734 
 735 .sp
 736 .TS
 737 box;
 738 c | c
 739 l | l .
 740 ATTRIBUTE TYPE  ATTRIBUTE VALUE
 741 _
 742 CSI     Enabled
 743 _
 744 Interface Stability     Committed
 745 _
 746 MT-Level        MT-Safe
 747 _
 748 Standard        See below.
 749 .TE
 750 
 751 .sp
 752 .LP
 753 For \fBstrftime()\fR, see \fBstandards\fR(5).
 754 .SH SEE ALSO
 755 .sp
 756 .LP
 757 \fBdate\fR(1), \fBctime\fR(3C), \fBmktime\fR(3C), \fBsetlocale\fR(3C),
 758 \fBstrptime\fR(3C), \fBtzset\fR(3C), \fBTIMEZONE\fR(4), \fBzoneinfo\fR(4),
 759 \fBattributes\fR(5), \fBenviron\fR(5), \fBstandards\fR(5)
 760 .SH NOTES
 761 .sp
 762 .LP
 763 The conversion specification for \fB%V\fR was changed in the Solaris 7 release.
 764 This change was based on the public review draft of the ISO C9x standard at
 765 that time. Previously, the specification stated that if the week containing 1
 766 January had fewer than four days in the new year, it became week 53 of the
 767 previous year. The ISO C9x standard committee subsequently recognized that that
 768 specification had been incorrect.
 769 .sp
 770 .LP
 771 The conversion specifications for \fB%g\fR, \fB%G\fR, \fB%Eg\fR, \fB%EG\fR, and
 772 \fB%Og\fR were added in the Solaris 7 release.  This change was based on the
 773 public review draft of the ISO C9x standard at that time. These specifications
 774 are evolving.  If the ISO C9x standard is finalized with a different
 775 conclusion, these specifications will change to conform to the ISO C9x standard
 776 decision.
 777 .sp
 778 .LP
 779 The conversion specification for \fB%u\fR was changed in the Solaris 8 release.
 780 This change was based on the XPG4 specification.
 781 .sp
 782 .LP
 783 If using the \fB%Z\fR specifier and \fBzoneinfo\fR timezones and if the input
 784 date is outside the range 20:45:52 UTC, December  13, 1901 to 03:14:07 UTC,
 785 January 19, 2038, the timezone name may not be correct.
 786 .sp
 787 .LP
 788 The conversion specification for \fB%+\fR was added in illumos.
 789 It is not part of any standard, although it is available on a number
 790 of other platforms.
 791 Its use is discouraged for conforming applications.