1 '\" te
2 .\" Copyright 2013 Nexenta Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
3 .\" Copyright (c) 2008, Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved
4 .\" The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the Common Development and Distribution License (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.
5 .\" See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE. If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with
6 .\" the fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
7 .TH LOFIADM 1M "Aug 28, 2013"
8 .SH NAME
9 lofiadm \- administer files available as block devices through lofi
10 .SH SYNOPSIS
11 .LP
12 .nf
13 \fBlofiadm\fR [\fB-r\fR] \fB-a\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIdevice\fR]
14 .fi
15
16 .LP
17 .nf
18 \fBlofiadm\fR [\fB-r\fR] \fB-c\fR \fIcrypto_algorithm\fR \fB-a\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIdevice\fR]
19 .fi
20
21 .LP
22 .nf
23 \fBlofiadm\fR [\fB-r\fR] \fB-c\fR \fIcrypto_algorithm\fR \fB-k\fR \fIraw_key_file\fR \fB-a\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIdevice\fR]
24 .fi
25
26 .LP
27 .nf
28 \fBlofiadm\fR [\fB-r\fR] \fB-c\fR \fIcrypto_algorithm\fR \fB-T\fR \fItoken_key\fR \fB-a\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIdevice\fR]
29 .fi
30
31 .LP
32 .nf
33 \fBlofiadm\fR [\fB-r\fR] \fB-c\fR \fIcrypto_algorithm\fR \fB-T\fR \fItoken_key\fR
34 \fB-k\fR \fIwrapped_key_file\fR \fB-a\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIdevice\fR]
35 .fi
36
37 .LP
38 .nf
39 \fBlofiadm\fR [\fB-r\fR] \fB-c\fR \fIcrypto_algorithm\fR \fB-e\fR \fB-a\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIdevice\fR]
40 .fi
41
42 .LP
43 .nf
44 \fBlofiadm\fR \fB-C\fR \fIalgorithm\fR [\fB-s\fR \fIsegment_size\fR] \fIfile\fR
45 .fi
46
47 .LP
48 .nf
49 \fBlofiadm\fR \fB-d\fR \fIfile\fR | \fIdevice\fR
50 .fi
51
52 .LP
53 .nf
54 \fBlofiadm\fR \fB-U\fR \fIfile\fR
55 .fi
56
57 .LP
58 .nf
59 \fBlofiadm\fR [ \fIfile\fR | \fIdevice\fR]
60 .fi
61
62 .SH DESCRIPTION
63 .sp
64 .LP
65 \fBlofiadm\fR administers \fBlofi\fR, the loopback file driver. \fBlofi\fR
66 allows a file to be associated with a block device. That file can then be
67 accessed through the block device. This is useful when the file contains an
68 image of some filesystem (such as a floppy or \fBCD-ROM\fR image), because the
69 block device can then be used with the normal system utilities for mounting,
70 checking or repairing filesystems. See \fBfsck\fR(1M) and \fBmount\fR(1M).
71 .sp
72 .LP
73 Use \fBlofiadm\fR to add a file as a loopback device, remove such an
74 association, or print information about the current associations.
75 .sp
76 .LP
77 Encryption and compression options are mutually exclusive on the command line.
78 Further, an encrypted file cannot be compressed later, nor can a compressed
79 file be encrypted later.
80
81 In the global zone, \fBlofiadm\fR can be used on both the global
82 zone devices and all devices owned by other non-global zones on the system.
83 .sp
84 .SH OPTIONS
85 .sp
86 .LP
87 The following options are supported:
88 .sp
89 .ne 2
90 .na
91 \fB\fB-a\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIdevice\fR]\fR
92 .ad
93 .sp .6
94 .RS 4n
95 Add \fIfile\fR as a block device.
96 .sp
97 If \fIdevice\fR is not specified, an available device is picked.
98 .sp
99 If \fIdevice\fR is specified, \fBlofiadm\fR attempts to assign it to
100 \fIfile\fR. \fIdevice\fR must be available or \fBlofiadm\fR will fail. The
101 ability to specify a device is provided for use in scripts that wish to
102 reestablish a particular set of associations.
103 .RE
104
105 .sp
106 .ne 2
107 .na
108 \fB\fB-C\fR {\fIgzip\fR | \fIgzip-N\fR | \fIlzma\fR}\fR
109 .ad
110 .sp .6
111 .RS 4n
112 Compress the file with the specified compression algorithm.
113 .sp
114 The \fBgzip\fR compression algorithm uses the same compression as the
115 open-source \fBgzip\fR command. You can specify the \fBgzip\fR level by using
116 the value \fBgzip-\fR\fIN\fR where \fIN\fR is 6 (fast) or 9 (best compression
117 ratio). Currently, \fBgzip\fR, without a number, is equivalent to \fBgzip-6\fR
118 (which is also the default for the \fBgzip\fR command).
119 .sp
120 \fIlzma\fR stands for the LZMA (Lempel-Ziv-Markov) compression algorithm.
121 .sp
122 Note that you cannot write to a compressed file, nor can you mount a compressed
123 file read/write.
124 .RE
125
126 .sp
127 .ne 2
128 .na
129 \fB\fB-d\fR \fIfile\fR | \fIdevice\fR\fR
130 .ad
131 .sp .6
132 .RS 4n
133 Remove an association by \fIfile\fR or \fIdevice\fR name, if the associated
134 block device is not busy, and deallocates the block device.
135 .RE
136
137 .sp
138 .ne 2
139 .na
140 \fB\fB-r\fR
141 .ad
142 .sp .6
143 .RS 4n
144 If the \fB-r\fR option is specified before the \fB-a\fR option, the
145 \fIdevice\fR will be opened read-only.
146 .RE
147
148 .sp
149 .ne 2
150 .na
151 \fB\fB-s\fR \fIsegment_size\fR\fR
152 .ad
153 .sp .6
154 .RS 4n
155 The segment size to use to divide the file being compressed. \fIsegment_size\fR
156 can be an integer multiple of 512.
157 .RE
158
159 .sp
160 .ne 2
161 .na
162 \fB\fB-U\fR \fIfile\fR\fR
163 .ad
164 .sp .6
165 .RS 4n
166 Uncompress a compressed file.
167 .RE
168
169 .sp
170 .LP
171 The following options are used when the file is encrypted:
172 .sp
173 .ne 2
174 .na
175 \fB\fB-c\fR \fIcrypto_algorithm\fR\fR
176 .ad
177 .sp .6
178 .RS 4n
179 Select the encryption algorithm. The algorithm must be specified when
180 encryption is enabled because the algorithm is not stored in the disk image.
181 .sp
182 If none of \fB-e\fR, \fB-k\fR, or \fB-T\fR is specified, \fBlofiadm\fR prompts
183 for a passphrase, with a minimum length of eight characters, to be entered .
184 The passphrase is used to derive a symmetric encryption key using PKCS#5 PBKD2.
185 .RE
186
187 .sp
188 .ne 2
189 .na
190 \fB\fB-k\fR \fIraw_key_file\fR | \fIwrapped_key_file\fR\fR
191 .ad
192 .sp .6
193 .RS 4n
194 Path to raw or wrapped symmetric encryption key. If a PKCS#11 object is also
195 given with the \fB-T\fR option, then the key is wrapped by that object. If
196 \fB-T\fR is not specified, the key is used raw.
197 .RE
198
199 .sp
200 .ne 2
201 .na
202 \fB\fB-T\fR \fItoken_key\fR\fR
203 .ad
204 .sp .6
205 .RS 4n
206 The key in a PKCS#11 token to use for the encryption or for unwrapping the key
207 file.
208 .sp
209 If \fB-k\fR is also specified, \fB-T\fR identifies the unwrapping key, which
210 must be an RSA private key.
211 .RE
212
213 .sp
214 .ne 2
215 .na
216 \fB\fB-e\fR\fR
217 .ad
218 .sp .6
219 .RS 4n
220 Generate an ephemeral symmetric encryption key.
221 .RE
222
223 .SH OPERANDS
224 .sp
225 .LP
226 The following operands are supported:
227 .sp
228 .ne 2
229 .na
230 \fB\fIcrypto_algorithm\fR\fR
231 .ad
232 .sp .6
233 .RS 4n
234 One of: \fBaes-128-cbc\fR, \fBaes-192-cbc\fR, \fBaes-256-cbc\fR,
235 \fBdes3-cbc\fR, \fBblowfish-cbc\fR.
236 .RE
237
238 .sp
239 .ne 2
240 .na
241 \fB\fIdevice\fR\fR
242 .ad
243 .sp .6
244 .RS 4n
245 Display the file name associated with the block device \fIdevice\fR.
246 .sp
247 Without arguments, print a list of the current associations. Filenames must be
248 valid absolute pathnames.
249 .sp
250 When a file is added, it is opened for reading or writing by root. Any
251 restrictions apply (such as restricted root access over \fBNFS\fR). The file is
252 held open until the association is removed. It is not actually accessed until
253 the block device is used, so it will never be written to if the block device is
254 only opened read-only.
255
256 Note that the filename may appear as "?" if it is not possible to resolve the
257 path in the current context (for example, if it's an NFS path in a non-global
258 zone).
259 .RE
260
261 .sp
262 .ne 2
263 .na
264 \fB\fIfile\fR\fR
265 .ad
266 .sp .6
267 .RS 4n
268 Display the block device associated with \fIfile\fR.
269 .RE
270
271 .sp
272 .ne 2
273 .na
274 \fB\fIraw_key_file\fR\fR
275 .ad
276 .sp .6
277 .RS 4n
278 Path to a file of the appropriate length, in bits, to use as a raw symmetric
279 encryption key.
280 .RE
281
282 .sp
283 .ne 2
284 .na
285 \fB\fItoken_key\fR\fR
286 .ad
287 .sp .6
288 .RS 4n
289 PKCS#11 token object in the format:
290 .sp
291 .in +2
292 .nf
293 \fItoken_name\fR:\fImanufacturer_id\fR:\fIserial_number\fR:\fIkey_label\fR
294 .fi
295 .in -2
296 .sp
297
298 All but the key label are optional and can be empty. For example, to specify a
299 token object with only its key label \fBMylofiKey\fR, use:
300 .sp
301 .in +2
302 .nf
303 -T :::MylofiKey
304 .fi
305 .in -2
306 .sp
307
308 .RE
309
310 .sp
311 .ne 2
312 .na
313 \fB\fIwrapped_key_file\fR\fR
314 .ad
315 .sp .6
316 .RS 4n
317 Path to file containing a symmetric encryption key wrapped by the RSA private
318 key specified by \fB-T\fR.
319 .RE
320
321 .SH EXAMPLES
322 .LP
323 \fBExample 1 \fRMounting an Existing CD-ROM Image
324 .sp
325 .LP
326 You should ensure that Solaris understands the image before creating the
327 \fBCD\fR. \fBlofi\fR allows you to mount the image and see if it works.
328
329 .sp
330 .LP
331 This example mounts an existing \fBCD-ROM\fR image (\fBsparc.iso\fR), of the
332 \fBRed Hat 6.0 CD\fR which was downloaded from the Internet. It was created
333 with the \fBmkisofs\fR utility from the Internet.
334
335 .sp
336 .LP
337 Use \fBlofiadm\fR to attach a block device to it:
338
339 .sp
340 .in +2
341 .nf
342 # \fBlofiadm -a /home/mike_s/RH6.0/sparc.iso\fR
343 /dev/lofi/1
344 .fi
345 .in -2
346 .sp
347
348 .sp
349 .LP
350 \fBlofiadm\fR picks the device and prints the device name to the standard
351 output. You can run \fBlofiadm\fR again by issuing the following command:
352
353 .sp
354 .in +2
355 .nf
356 # \fBlofiadm\fR
357 Block Device File Options
358 /dev/lofi/1 /home/mike_s/RH6.0/sparc.iso -
359 .fi
360 .in -2
361 .sp
362
363 .sp
364 .LP
365 Or, you can give it one name and ask for the other, by issuing the following
366 command:
367
368 .sp
369 .in +2
370 .nf
371 # \fBlofiadm /dev/lofi/1\fR
372 /home/mike_s/RH6.0/sparc.iso
373 .fi
374 .in -2
375 .sp
376
377 .sp
378 .LP
379 Use the \fBmount\fR command to mount the image:
380
381 .sp
382 .in +2
383 .nf
384 # \fBmount -F hsfs -o ro /dev/lofi/1 /mnt\fR
385 .fi
386 .in -2
387 .sp
388
389 .sp
390 .LP
391 Check to ensure that Solaris understands the image:
392
393 .sp
394 .in +2
395 .nf
396 # \fBdf -k /mnt\fR
397 Filesystem kbytes used avail capacity Mounted on
398 /dev/lofi/1 512418 512418 0 100% /mnt
399 # \fBls /mnt\fR
400 \&./ RedHat/ doc/ ls-lR rr_moved/
401 \&../ TRANS.TBL dosutils/ ls-lR.gz sbin@
402 \&.buildlog bin@ etc@ misc/ tmp/
403 COPYING boot/ images/ mnt/ usr@
404 README boot.cat* kernels/ modules/
405 RPM-PGP-KEY dev@ lib@ proc/
406 .fi
407 .in -2
408 .sp
409
410 .sp
411 .LP
412 Solaris can mount the CD-ROM image, and understand the filenames. The image was
413 created properly, and you can now create the \fBCD-ROM\fR with confidence.
414
415 .sp
416 .LP
417 As a final step, unmount and detach the images:
418
419 .sp
420 .in +2
421 .nf
422 # \fBumount /mnt\fR
423 # \fBlofiadm -d /dev/lofi/1\fR
424 # \fBlofiadm\fR
425 Block Device File Options
426 .fi
427 .in -2
428 .sp
429
430 .LP
431 \fBExample 2 \fRMounting a Floppy Image
432 .sp
433 .LP
434 This is similar to the first example.
435
436 .sp
437 .LP
438 Using \fBlofi\fR to help you mount files that contain floppy images is helpful
439 if a floppy disk contains a file that you need, but the machine which you are
440 on does not have a floppy drive. It is also helpful if you do not want to take
441 the time to use the \fBdd\fR command to copy the image to a floppy.
442
443 .sp
444 .LP
445 This is an example of getting to \fBMDB\fR floppy for Solaris on an x86
446 platform:
447
448 .sp
449 .in +2
450 .nf
451 # \fBlofiadm -a /export/s28/MDB_s28x_wos/latest/boot.3\fR
452 /dev/lofi/1
453 # \fBmount -F pcfs /dev/lofi/1 /mnt\fR
454 # \fBls /mnt\fR
455 \&./ COMMENT.BAT* RC.D/ SOLARIS.MAP*
456 \&../ IDENT* REPLACE.BAT* X/
457 APPEND.BAT* MAKEDIR.BAT* SOLARIS/
458 # \fBumount /mnt\fR
459 # \fBlofiadm -d /export/s28/MDB_s28x_wos/latest/boot.3\fR
460 .fi
461 .in -2
462 .sp
463
464 .LP
465 \fBExample 3 \fRMaking a \fBUFS\fR Filesystem on a File
466 .sp
467 .LP
468 Making a \fBUFS\fR filesystem on a file can be useful, particularly if a test
469 suite requires a scratch filesystem. It can be painful (or annoying) to have to
470 repartition a disk just for the test suite, but you do not have to. You can
471 \fBnewfs\fR a file with \fBlofi\fR
472
473 .sp
474 .LP
475 Create the file:
476
477 .sp
478 .in +2
479 .nf
480 # \fBmkfile 35m /export/home/test\fR
481 .fi
482 .in -2
483 .sp
484
485 .sp
486 .LP
487 Attach it to a block device. You also get the character device that \fBnewfs\fR
488 requires, so \fBnewfs\fR that:
489
490 .sp
491 .in +2
492 .nf
493 # \fBlofiadm -a /export/home/test\fR
494 /dev/lofi/1
495 # \fBnewfs /dev/rlofi/1\fR
496 newfs: construct a new file system /dev/rlofi/1: (y/n)? \fBy\fR
497 /dev/rlofi/1: 71638 sectors in 119 cylinders of 1 tracks, 602 sectors
498 35.0MB in 8 cyl groups (16 c/g, 4.70MB/g, 2240 i/g)
499 super-block backups (for fsck -F ufs -o b=#) at:
500 32, 9664, 19296, 28928, 38560, 48192, 57824, 67456,
501 .fi
502 .in -2
503 .sp
504
505 .sp
506 .LP
507 Note that \fBufs\fR might not be able to use the entire file. Mount and use the
508 filesystem:
509
510 .sp
511 .in +2
512 .nf
513 # \fBmount /dev/lofi/1 /mnt\fR
514 # \fBdf -k /mnt\fR
515 Filesystem kbytes used avail capacity Mounted on
516 /dev/lofi/1 33455 9 30101 1% /mnt
517 # \fBls /mnt\fR
518 \&./ ../ lost+found/
519 # \fBumount /mnt\fR
520 # \fBlofiadm -d /dev/lofi/1\fR
521 .fi
522 .in -2
523 .sp
524
525 .LP
526 \fBExample 4 \fRCreating a PC (FAT) File System on a Unix File
527 .sp
528 .LP
529 The following series of commands creates a \fBFAT\fR file system on a Unix
530 file. The file is associated with a block device created by \fBlofiadm\fR.
531
532 .sp
533 .in +2
534 .nf
535 # \fBmkfile 10M /export/test/testfs\fR
536 # \fBlofiadm -a /export/test testfs\fR
537 /dev/lofi/1
538 \fBNote use of\fR rlofi\fB, not\fR lofi\fB, in following command.\fR
539 # \fBmkfs -F pcfs -o nofdisk,size=20480 /dev/rlofi/1\fR
540 \fBConstruct a new FAT file system on /dev/rlofi/1: (y/n)?\fR y
541 # \fBmount -F pcfs /dev/lofi/1 /mnt\fR
542 # \fBcd /mnt\fR
543 # \fBdf -k .\fR
544 Filesystem kbytes used avail capacity Mounted on
545 /dev/lofi/1 10142 0 10142 0% /mnt
546 .fi
547 .in -2
548 .sp
549
550 .LP
551 \fBExample 5 \fRCompressing an Existing CD-ROM Image
552 .sp
553 .LP
554 The following example illustrates compressing an existing CD-ROM image
555 (\fBsolaris.iso\fR), verifying that the image is compressed, and then
556 uncompressing it.
557
558 .sp
559 .in +2
560 .nf
561 # \fBlofiadm -C gzip /export/home/solaris.iso\fR
562 .fi
563 .in -2
564 .sp
565
566 .sp
567 .LP
568 Use \fBlofiadm\fR to attach a block device to it:
569
570 .sp
571 .in +2
572 .nf
573 # \fBlofiadm -a /export/home/solaris.iso\fR
574 /dev/lofi/1
575 .fi
576 .in -2
577 .sp
578
579 .sp
580 .LP
581 Check if the mapped image is compressed:
582
583 .sp
584 .in +2
585 .nf
586 # \fBlofiadm\fR
587 Block Device File Options
588 /dev/lofi/1 /export/home/solaris.iso Compressed(gzip)
589 /dev/lofi/2 /export/home/regular.iso -
590 .fi
591 .in -2
592 .sp
593
594 .sp
595 .LP
596 Unmap the compressed image and uncompress it:
597
598 .sp
599 .in +2
600 .nf
601 # \fBlofiadm -d /dev/lofi/1\fR
602 # \fBlofiadm -U /export/home/solaris.iso\fR
603 .fi
604 .in -2
605 .sp
606
607 .LP
608 \fBExample 6 \fRCreating an Encrypted UFS File System on a File
609 .sp
610 .LP
611 This example is similar to the example of making a UFS filesystem on a file,
612 above.
613
614 .sp
615 .LP
616 Create the file:
617
618 .sp
619 .in +2
620 .nf
621 # \fBmkfile 35m /export/home/test\fR
622 .fi
623 .in -2
624 .sp
625
626 .sp
627 .LP
628 Attach the file to a block device and specify that the file image is encrypted.
629 As a result of this command, you obtain the character device, which is
630 subsequently used by \fBnewfs\fR:
631
632 .sp
633 .in +2
634 .nf
635 # \fBlofiadm -c aes-256-cbc -a /export/home/secrets\fR
636 Enter passphrase: \fBMy-M0th3r;l0v3s_m3+4lw4ys!\fR (\fBnot echoed\fR)
637 Re-enter passphrase: \fBMy-M0th3r;l0v3s_m3+4lw4ys!\fR (\fBnot echoed\fR)
638 /dev/lofi/1
639
640 # \fBnewfs /dev/rlofi/1\fR
641 newfs: construct a new file system /dev/rlofi/1: (y/n)? \fBy\fR
642 /dev/rlofi/1: 71638 sectors in 119 cylinders of 1 tracks, 602 sectors
643 35.0MB in 8 cyl groups (16 c/g, 4.70MB/g, 2240 i/g)
644 super-block backups (for fsck -F ufs -o b=#) at:
645 32, 9664, 19296, 28928, 38560, 48192, 57824, 67456,
646 .fi
647 .in -2
648 .sp
649
650 .sp
651 .LP
652 The mapped file system shows that encryption is enabled:
653
654 .sp
655 .in +2
656 .nf
657 # \fBlofiadm\fR
658 Block Device File Options
659 /dev/lofi/1 /export/home/secrets Encrypted
660 .fi
661 .in -2
662 .sp
663
664 .sp
665 .LP
666 Mount and use the filesystem:
667
668 .sp
669 .in +2
670 .nf
671 # \fBmount /dev/lofi/1 /mnt\fR
672 # \fBcp moms_secret_*_recipe /mnt\fR
673 # \fBls /mnt\fR
674 \&./ moms_secret_cookie_recipe moms_secret_soup_recipe
675 \&../ moms_secret_fudge_recipe moms_secret_stuffing_recipe
676 lost+found/ moms_secret_meatloaf_recipe moms_secret_waffle_recipe
677 # \fBumount /mnt\fR
678 # \fBlofiadm -d /dev/lofi/1\fR
679 .fi
680 .in -2
681 .sp
682
683 .sp
684 .LP
685 Subsequent attempts to map the filesystem with the wrong key or the wrong
686 encryption algorithm will fail:
687
688 .sp
689 .in +2
690 .nf
691 # \fBlofiadm -c blowfish-cbc -a /export/home/secrets\fR
692 Enter passphrase: \fBmommy\fR (\fInot echoed\fR)
693 Re-enter passphrase: \fBmommy\fR (\fInot echoed\fR)
694 lofiadm: could not map file /root/lofi: Invalid argument
695 # \fBlofiadm\fR
696 Block Device File Options
697 #
698 .fi
699 .in -2
700 .sp
701
702 .sp
703 .LP
704 Attempts to map the filesystem without encryption will succeed, however
705 attempts to mount and use the filesystem will fail:
706
707 .sp
708 .in +2
709 .nf
710 # \fBlofiadm -a /export/home/secrets\fR
711 /dev/lofi/1
712 # \fBlofiadm\fR
713 Block Device File Options
714 /dev/lofi/1 /export/home/secrets -
715 # \fBmount /dev/lofi/1 /mnt\fR
716 mount: /dev/lofi/1 is not this fstype
717 #
718 .fi
719 .in -2
720 .sp
721
722 .SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
723 .sp
724 .LP
725 See \fBenviron\fR(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables
726 that affect the execution of \fBlofiadm\fR: \fBLC_CTYPE\fR, \fBLC_MESSAGES\fR
727 and \fBNLSPATH\fR.
728 .SH EXIT STATUS
729 .sp
730 .LP
731 The following exit values are returned:
732 .sp
733 .ne 2
734 .na
735 \fB\fB0\fR\fR
736 .ad
737 .sp .6
738 .RS 4n
739 Successful completion.
740 .RE
741
742 .sp
743 .ne 2
744 .na
745 \fB\fB>0\fR\fR
746 .ad
747 .sp .6
748 .RS 4n
749 An error occurred.
750 .RE
751
752 .SH SEE ALSO
753 .sp
754 .LP
755 \fBfsck\fR(1M), \fBmount\fR(1M), \fBmount_ufs\fR(1M), \fBnewfs\fR(1M),
756 \fBattributes\fR(5), \fBlofi\fR(7D), \fBlofs\fR(7FS)
757 .SH NOTES
758 .sp
759 .LP
760 Just as you would not directly access a disk device that has mounted file
761 systems, you should not access a file associated with a block device except
762 through the \fBlofi\fR file driver. It might also be appropriate to ensure that
763 the file has appropriate permissions to prevent such access.
764 .sp
765 .LP
766 The abilities of \fBlofiadm\fR, and who can use them, are controlled by the
767 permissions of \fB/dev/lofictl\fR. Read-access allows query operations, such as
768 listing all the associations. Write-access is required to do any state-changing
769 operations, like adding an association. As shipped, \fB/dev/lofictl\fR is owned
770 by \fBroot\fR, in group \fBsys\fR, and mode \fB0644\fR, so all users can do
771 query operations but only root can change anything. The administrator can give
772 users write-access, allowing them to add or delete associations, but that is
773 very likely a security hole and should probably only be given to a trusted
774 group.
775 .sp
776 .LP
777 When mounting a filesystem image, take care to use appropriate mount options.
778 In particular, the \fBnosuid\fR mount option might be appropriate for \fBUFS\fR
779 images whose origin is unknown. Also, some options might not be useful or
780 appropriate, like \fBlogging\fR or \fBforcedirectio\fR for \fBUFS\fR. For
781 compatibility purposes, a raw device is also exported along with the block
782 device. For example, \fBnewfs\fR(1M) requires one.
783 .sp
784 .LP
785 The output of \fBlofiadm\fR (without arguments) might change in future
786 releases.