cd, chdir, pushd, popd, dirs - change working directory
/usr/bin/cd [directory]
cd [dir]
chdir [dir]
pushd [+n | dir]
popd [+n]
dirs [-l]
cd [-L] [-P] [arg]
cd old new
The /usr/bin/cd utility changes the current directory in the context of
the cd utility only. This is in contrast to the version built into the
shell. /usr/bin/cd has no effect on the invoking process but can be
used to determine whether or not a given directory can be set as the current
directory.
If dir is not specified, the C shell built-in cd uses the value of
shell parameter HOME as the new working directory. If dir
specifies a complete path starting with `/', `.', or
`..', dir becomes the new working directory. If neither case
applies, cd tries to find the designated directory relative to one of
the paths specified by the CDPATH shell variable. CDPATH has the
same syntax as, and similar semantics to, the PATH shell variable.
cd must have execute (search) permission in dir. Because a new
process is created to execute each command, cd would be ineffective if
it were written as a normal command; therefore, it is recognized by and is
internal to the C-shell. (See pwd(1), sh(1), and
chdir(2)).
chdir changes the shell's working directory to directory
dir. If no argument is given, change to the home directory of the
user. If dir is a relative pathname not found in the current
directory, check for it in those directories listed in the cdpath
variable. If dir is the name of a shell variable whose value starts
with a /, change to the directory named by that value.
pushd pushes a directory onto the directory stack. With no
arguments, exchange the top two elements.
+n
Rotate the n'th entry to the top of the stack and
cd to it.
dir
Push the current working directory onto the stack and
change to dir.
popd pops the directory stack and cd to the new top
directory. The elements of the directory stack are numbered from 0 starting
at the top.
+n
Discard the n'th entry in the stack.
dirs prints the directory stack, most recent to the left;
the first directory shown is the current directory. With the -l
argument, produce an unabbreviated printout; use of the ~ notation is
suppressed.
The Korn shell built-in cd command can be in either of two forms. In the
first form it changes the current directory to arg. If arg is
− the directory is changed to the previous directory. The shell
variable HOME is the default arg. The environment variable
PWD is set to the current directory. If the PWD is changed, the
OLDPWD environment variable shall also be changed to the value of the
old working directory, that is, the current working directory immediately
prior to the call to change directory (cd). The shell variable
CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing arg.
Alternative directory names are separated by a colon (:). The default
path is null (specifying the current directory). The current directory
is specified by a null path name, which can appear immediately after the equal
sign or between the colon delimiters anywhere else in the path list. If
arg begins with a `/', `.', or `..', then the
search path is not used. Otherwise, each directory in the path is searched for
arg. If unsuccessful, cd attempts to change directories to the
pathname formed by the concatenation of the value of PWD, a slash character,
and arg.
-L
Handles the operation dot-dot (..) logically.
Symbolic link components are not resolved before dot-dot components are
processed.
-P
Handles the operand dot-dot physically. Symbolic link
components are resolved before dot-dot components are processed.
If both -L and -P options are specified, the last
option to be invoked is used and the other is ignored. If neither -L
nor -P is specified, the operand is handled dot-dot logically.
The second form of cd substitutes the string new for
the string old in the current directory name, PWD and tries to
change to this new directory.
The cd command cannot be executed by rksh. Because a
new process is created to execute each command, cd would be
ineffective if it were written as a normal command; therefore, it is
recognized by and is internal to the Korn shell. (See pwd(1),
ksh93(1), and chdir(2)).
The following operands are supported:
directory
An absolute or relative pathname of the directory that
becomes the new working directory. The interpretation of a relative pathname
by cd depends on the CDPATH environment variable.
If a non-empty directory name from CDPATH is used, an absolute pathname
of the new working directory is written to the standard output as follows:
"%s\n", <new directory>
Otherwise, there is no output.
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables
that affect the execution of cd: LANG, LC_ALL,
LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.
CDPATH
A colon-separated list of pathnames that refer to
directories. If the directory operand does not begin with a slash
( / ) character, and the first component is not dot or
dot-dot, cd searches for directory relative to each directory
named in the CDPATH variable, in the order listed. The new working
directory sets to the first matching directory found. An empty string in place
of a directory pathname represents the current directory. If CDPATH is
not set, it is treated as if it were an empty string.
HOME
The name of the home directory, used when no
directory operand is specified.
OLDPWD
A pathname of the previous working directory, used by
cd-.
PWD
A pathname of the current working directory, set by
cd after it has changed to that directory.
The following exit values are returned by cd:
0
The directory was successfully changed.
>0
An error occurred.
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
| ATTRIBUTE
TYPE |
ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
| Interface Stability |
Committed |
| Standard |
See standards(5). |
| ATTRIBUTE
TYPE |
ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
| Interface Stability |
Uncommitted |
csh(1), ksh93(1), pwd(1), chdir(2),
attributes(5), environ(5), standards(5)