1 '\" te
   2 .\" Copyright 2014 Garrett D'Amore <garrett@damore.org>
   3 .\" Copyright (c) 2014 Gary Mills
   4 .\" Copyright (c) 2008, Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All Rights Reserved.
   5 .\" Copyright 1989 AT&T
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  14 .TH STRFTIME 3C "Jun 24, 2014"
  15 .SH NAME
  16 strftime, strftime_l cftime, ascftime \- convert date and time to string
  17 .SH SYNOPSIS
  18 .LP
  19 .nf
  20 #include <time.h>
  21 
  22 \fBsize_t\fR \fBstrftime\fR(\fBchar *restrict\fR \fIs\fR, \fBsize_t\fR \fImaxsize\fR,
  23      \fBconst char *restrict\fR \fIformat\fR,
  24      \fBconst struct tm *restrict\fR \fItimeptr\fR);
  25 .fi
  26 .LP
  27 .nf
  28 \fBsize_t\fR \fBstrftime_l\fR(\fBchar *restrict\fR \fIs\fR, \fBsize_t\fR \fImaxsize\fR,
  29      \fBconst char *restrict\fR \fIformat\fR,
  30      \fBconst struct tm *restrict\fR \fItimeptr\fR, \fBlocale_t\fR \fIloc\fR);
  31 .fi
  32 .LP
  33 .nf
  34 \fBint\fR \fBcftime\fR(\fBchar *\fR\fIs\fR, \fBchar *\fR\fIformat\fR, \fBconst time_t *\fR\fIclock\fR);
  35 .fi
  36 .LP
  37 .nf
  38 \fBint\fR \fBascftime\fR(\fBchar *\fR\fIs\fR, \fBconst char *\fR\fIformat\fR,
  39      \fBconst struct tm *\fR\fItimeptr\fR);
  40 .fi
  41 
  42 .SH DESCRIPTION
  43 .sp
  44 .LP
  45 The \fBstrftime()\fR, \fBstrftime_l()\fR, \fBascftime()\fR, and \fBcftime()\fR
  46 functions place
  47 bytes into the array pointed to by \fIs\fR as controlled by the string pointed
  48 to by \fIformat\fR. The \fIformat\fR string consists of zero or more conversion
  49 specifications and ordinary characters.  A conversion specification consists of
  50 a '\fB%\fR' (percent) character and one or two terminating conversion
  51 characters that determine the conversion specification's behavior.  All
  52 ordinary characters (including the terminating null byte) are copied unchanged
  53 into the array pointed to by \fIs\fR. If copying takes place between objects
  54 that overlap, the behavior is undefined. For \fBstrftime()\fR, no more than
  55 \fImaxsize\fR bytes are placed into the array. The \fBstrftime_l()\fR function
  56 behaves identically to \fBstrftime()\fR function, but instead of operating in
  57 the current locale, it operates in the locale specified by \fIloc\fR.
  58 .LP
  59 If \fIformat\fR is \fB(char *)0\fR, then the locale's default format is used.
  60 For \fBstrftime()\fR the default format is the same as \fB%c\fR; for
  61 \fBcftime()\fR and \fBascftime()\fR the default format is the same as \fB%+\fR.
  62 \fBcftime()\fR and \fBascftime()\fR first try to use the value of the
  63 environment variable \fBCFTIME\fR, and if that is undefined or empty, the
  64 default format is used.
  65 .LP
  66 Each conversion specification is replaced by appropriate characters as
  67 described in the following list. The appropriate characters are determined by
  68 the \fBLC_TIME\fR category of the program's locale and by the values contained
  69 in the structure pointed to by \fItimeptr\fR for \fBstrftime()\fR and
  70 \fBascftime()\fR, and by the time represented by \fIclock\fR for
  71 \fBcftime()\fR.
  72 .sp
  73 .ne 2
  74 .na
  75 \fB\fB%%\fR\fR
  76 .ad
  77 .RS 6n
  78 Same as \fB%\fR.
  79 .RE
  80 
  81 .sp
  82 .ne 2
  83 .na
  84 \fB\fB%a\fR\fR
  85 .ad
  86 .RS 6n
  87 Locale's abbreviated weekday name.
  88 .RE
  89 
  90 .sp
  91 .ne 2
  92 .na
  93 \fB\fB%A\fR\fR
  94 .ad
  95 .RS 6n
  96 Locale's full weekday name.
  97 .RE
  98 
  99 .sp
 100 .ne 2
 101 .na
 102 \fB\fB%b\fR\fR
 103 .ad
 104 .RS 6n
 105 Locale's abbreviated month name.
 106 .RE
 107 
 108 .sp
 109 .ne 2
 110 .na
 111 \fB\fB%B\fR\fR
 112 .ad
 113 .RS 6n
 114 Locale's full month name.
 115 .RE
 116 
 117 .sp
 118 .ne 2
 119 .na
 120 \fB\fB%c\fR\fR
 121 .ad
 122 .RS 6n
 123 Locale's appropriate date and time representation.
 124 In the C locale, this format is:
 125 .sp
 126 .in +2
 127 .nf
 128 %a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y
 129 .fi
 130 .in -2
 131 .sp
 132 Other locales may have different locale-specific formats.
 133 .RE
 134 
 135 .sp
 136 .ne 2
 137 .na
 138 \fB\fB%C\fR\fR
 139 .ad
 140 .RS 6n
 141 Century number (the year divided by 100 and truncated to an integer as a
 142 decimal number [01,99]).
 143 .RE
 144 
 145 .sp
 146 .ne 2
 147 .na
 148 \fB\fB%d\fR\fR
 149 .ad
 150 .RS 6n
 151 Day of month [01,31].
 152 .RE
 153 
 154 .sp
 155 .ne 2
 156 .na
 157 \fB\fB%D\fR\fR
 158 .ad
 159 .RS 6n
 160 Date as \fB%m\fR/\fB%d\fR/\fB%y\fR.
 161 .RE
 162 
 163 .sp
 164 .ne 2
 165 .na
 166 \fB\fB%e\fR\fR
 167 .ad
 168 .RS 6n
 169 Day of month [1,31]; single  digits are preceded by a space.
 170 .RE
 171 
 172 .sp
 173 .ne 2
 174 .na
 175 \fB\fB%F\fR\fR
 176 .ad
 177 .RS 6n
 178 Equivalent to \fB%Y\fR-\fB%m\fR-\fB%d\fR (the ISO 8601:2000 standard date
 179 format).
 180 .RE
 181 
 182 .sp
 183 .ne 2
 184 .na
 185 \fB\fB%g\fR\fR
 186 .ad
 187 .RS 6n
 188 Week-based year within century [00,99].
 189 .RE
 190 
 191 .sp
 192 .ne 2
 193 .na
 194 \fB\fB%G\fR\fR
 195 .ad
 196 .RS 6n
 197 Week-based year, including the century [0000,9999].
 198 .RE
 199 
 200 .sp
 201 .ne 2
 202 .na
 203 \fB\fB%h\fR\fR
 204 .ad
 205 .RS 6n
 206 Locale's abbreviated month name.
 207 .RE
 208 
 209 .sp
 210 .ne 2
 211 .na
 212 \fB\fB%H\fR\fR
 213 .ad
 214 .RS 6n
 215 Hour (24-hour clock) [00,23].
 216 .RE
 217 
 218 .sp
 219 .ne 2
 220 .na
 221 \fB\fB%I\fR\fR
 222 .ad
 223 .RS 6n
 224 Hour (12-hour clock) [01,12].
 225 .RE
 226 
 227 .sp
 228 .ne 2
 229 .na
 230 \fB\fB%j\fR\fR
 231 .ad
 232 .RS 6n
 233 Day number of year [001,366].
 234 .RE
 235 
 236 .sp
 237 .ne 2
 238 .na
 239 \fB\fB%k\fR\fR
 240 .ad
 241 .RS 6n
 242 Hour (24-hour clock) [0,23]; single digits are preceded by a space.
 243 .RE
 244 
 245 .sp
 246 .ne 2
 247 .na
 248 \fB\fB%l\fR\fR
 249 .ad
 250 .RS 6n
 251 Hour (12-hour clock) [1,12]; single digits are preceded by a space.
 252 .RE
 253 
 254 .sp
 255 .ne 2
 256 .na
 257 \fB\fB%m\fR\fR
 258 .ad
 259 .RS 6n
 260 Month number [01,12].
 261 .RE
 262 
 263 .sp
 264 .ne 2
 265 .na
 266 \fB\fB%M\fR\fR
 267 .ad
 268 .RS 6n
 269 Minute [00,59].
 270 .RE
 271 
 272 .sp
 273 .ne 2
 274 .na
 275 \fB\fB%n\fR\fR
 276 .ad
 277 .RS 6n
 278 Insert a NEWLINE.
 279 .RE
 280 
 281 .sp
 282 .ne 2
 283 .na
 284 \fB\fB%p\fR\fR
 285 .ad
 286 .RS 6n
 287 Locale's equivalent of either a.m. or p.m.
 288 .RE
 289 
 290 .sp
 291 .ne 2
 292 .na
 293 \fB\fB%r\fR\fR
 294 .ad
 295 .RS 6n
 296 Appropriate time representation in 12-hour clock format with \fB%p\fR.
 297 .RE
 298 
 299 .sp
 300 .ne 2
 301 .na
 302 \fB\fB%R\fR\fR
 303 .ad
 304 .RS 6n
 305 Time as \fB%H\fR:\fB%M\fR.
 306 .RE
 307 
 308 .sp
 309 .ne 2
 310 .na
 311 \fB\fB%s\fR\fR
 312 .ad
 313 .RS 6n
 314 Seconds since 00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970.
 315 .RE
 316 
 317 .sp
 318 .ne 2
 319 .na
 320 \fB\fB%S\fR\fR
 321 .ad
 322 .RS 6n
 323 Seconds [00,60]; the range of values is [00,60] rather than [00,59] to allow
 324 for the occasional leap second.
 325 .RE
 326 
 327 .sp
 328 .ne 2
 329 .na
 330 \fB\fB%t\fR\fR
 331 .ad
 332 .RS 6n
 333 Insert a TAB.
 334 .RE
 335 
 336 .sp
 337 .ne 2
 338 .na
 339 \fB\fB%T\fR\fR
 340 .ad
 341 .RS 6n
 342 Time as \fB%H\fR:\fB%M\fR:\fB%S\fR.
 343 .RE
 344 
 345 .sp
 346 .ne 2
 347 .na
 348 \fB\fB%u\fR\fR
 349 .ad
 350 .RS 6n
 351 Weekday as a decimal number [1,7], with 1 representing Monday. See \fBNOTES\fR
 352 below.
 353 .RE
 354 
 355 .sp
 356 .ne 2
 357 .na
 358 \fB\fB%U\fR\fR
 359 .ad
 360 .RS 6n
 361 Week number of year as a decimal number [00,53], with Sunday as the first day
 362 of week 1.
 363 .RE
 364 
 365 .sp
 366 .ne 2
 367 .na
 368 \fB\fB%v\fR\fR
 369 .ad
 370 .RS 6n
 371 Date as \fB%e\fR-\fB%b\fR-\fB%Y\fR.
 372 .RE
 373 
 374 .sp
 375 .ne 2
 376 .na
 377 \fB\fB%V\fR\fR
 378 .ad
 379 .RS 6n
 380 The ISO 8601 week number as a decimal number [01,53]. In the ISO 8601
 381 week-based system, weeks begin on a Monday and week 1 of the year is the week
 382 that includes both January 4th and the first Thursday of the year.  If the
 383 first Monday of January is the 2nd, 3rd, or 4th, the preceding days are part of
 384 the last week of the preceding year.  See \fBNOTES\fR below.
 385 .RE
 386 
 387 .sp
 388 .ne 2
 389 .na
 390 \fB\fB%w\fR\fR
 391 .ad
 392 .RS 6n
 393 Weekday as a decimal number [0,6], with 0 representing Sunday.
 394 .RE
 395 
 396 .sp
 397 .ne 2
 398 .na
 399 \fB\fB%W\fR\fR
 400 .ad
 401 .RS 6n
 402 Week number of year as a decimal number [00,53], with Monday as the first day
 403 of week 1.
 404 .RE
 405 
 406 .sp
 407 .ne 2
 408 .na
 409 \fB\fB%x\fR\fR
 410 .ad
 411 .RS 6n
 412 Locale's appropriate date representation.
 413 .RE
 414 
 415 .sp
 416 .ne 2
 417 .na
 418 \fB\fB%X\fR\fR
 419 .ad
 420 .RS 6n
 421 Locale's appropriate time representation.
 422 .RE
 423 
 424 .sp
 425 .ne 2
 426 .na
 427 \fB\fB%y\fR\fR
 428 .ad
 429 .RS 6n
 430 Year within century [00,99].
 431 .RE
 432 
 433 .sp
 434 .ne 2
 435 .na
 436 \fB\fB%Y\fR\fR
 437 .ad
 438 .RS 6n
 439 Year, including the century (for example 1993).
 440 .RE
 441 
 442 .sp
 443 .ne 2
 444 .na
 445 \fB\fB%z\fR\fR
 446 .ad
 447 .RS 6n
 448 Replaced by offset from UTC in ISO 8601:2000 standard format (\fB+hhmm\fR or
 449 \fB-hhmm\fR), or by no characters if no time zone is determinable. For example,
 450 "-0430" means 4 hours 30 minutes behind UTC (west of Greenwich). If
 451 \fBtm_isdst\fR is zero, the standard time offset is used.  If \fBtm_isdst\fR is
 452 greater than zero, the daylight savings time offset if used. If \fBtm_isdst\fR
 453 is negative, no characters are returned.
 454 .RE
 455 
 456 .sp
 457 .ne 2
 458 .na
 459 \fB\fB%Z\fR\fR
 460 .ad
 461 .RS 6n
 462 Time zone name or abbreviation, or no bytes if no time zone information exists.
 463 .RE
 464 
 465 .sp
 466 .ne 2
 467 .na
 468 \fB\fB%+\fR\fR
 469 .ad
 470 .RS 6n
 471 Locale's date and time representation as produced by \fBdate\fR(1).
 472 .RE
 473 
 474 .LP
 475 If a conversion specification does not correspond to any of the above or to any
 476 of the modified conversion specifications listed below, the behavior is
 477 undefined and \fB0\fR is returned.
 478 .LP
 479 The difference between \fB%U\fR and \fB%W\fR (and also between modified
 480 conversion specifications \fB%OU\fR and \fB%OW\fR) lies in which day is counted
 481 as the first of the week. Week number 1 is the first week in January starting
 482 with a Sunday for \fB%U\fR or a Monday for \fB%W\fR. Week number 0 contains
 483 those days before the first Sunday or Monday in January for \fB%U\fR and
 484 \fB%W\fR, respectively.
 485 .SS "Modified Conversion Specifications"
 486 .LP
 487 Some conversion specifications can be modified by the \fBE\fR and \fBO\fR
 488 modifiers to indicate that an alternate format or specification should be used
 489 rather than the one normally used by the unmodified conversion specification.
 490 If the alternate format or specification does not exist in the current locale,
 491 the behavior will be as if the unmodified specification were used.
 492 .sp
 493 .ne 2
 494 .na
 495 \fB\fB%Ec\fR\fR
 496 .ad
 497 .RS 7n
 498 Locale's alternate appropriate date and time representation.
 499 .RE
 500 
 501 .sp
 502 .ne 2
 503 .na
 504 \fB\fB%EC\fR\fR
 505 .ad
 506 .RS 7n
 507 Name of the base year (period) in the locale's alternate representation.
 508 .RE
 509 
 510 .sp
 511 .ne 2
 512 .na
 513 \fB\fB%Eg\fR\fR
 514 .ad
 515 .RS 7n
 516 Offset from \fB%EC\fR of the week-based year in the locale's alternative
 517 representation.
 518 .RE
 519 
 520 .sp
 521 .ne 2
 522 .na
 523 \fB\fB%EG\fR\fR
 524 .ad
 525 .RS 7n
 526 Full alternative representation of the week-based year.
 527 .RE
 528 
 529 .sp
 530 .ne 2
 531 .na
 532 \fB\fB%Ex\fR\fR
 533 .ad
 534 .RS 7n
 535 Locale's alternate date representation.
 536 .RE
 537 
 538 .sp
 539 .ne 2
 540 .na
 541 \fB\fB%EX\fR\fR
 542 .ad
 543 .RS 7n
 544 Locale's alternate time representation.
 545 .RE
 546 
 547 .sp
 548 .ne 2
 549 .na
 550 \fB\fB%Ey\fR\fR
 551 .ad
 552 .RS 7n
 553 Offset from \fB%EC\fR (year only) in the locale's alternate representation.
 554 .RE
 555 
 556 .sp
 557 .ne 2
 558 .na
 559 \fB\fB%EY\fR\fR
 560 .ad
 561 .RS 7n
 562 Full alternate year representation.
 563 .RE
 564 
 565 .sp
 566 .ne 2
 567 .na
 568 \fB\fB%Od\fR\fR
 569 .ad
 570 .RS 7n
 571 Day of the month using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 572 .RE
 573 
 574 .sp
 575 .ne 2
 576 .na
 577 \fB\fB%Oe\fR\fR
 578 .ad
 579 .RS 7n
 580 Same as \fB%Od\fR.
 581 .RE
 582 
 583 .sp
 584 .ne 2
 585 .na
 586 \fB\fB%Og\fR\fR
 587 .ad
 588 .RS 7n
 589 Week-based year (offset from \fB%C\fR) in the locale's alternate representation
 590 and using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 591 .RE
 592 
 593 .sp
 594 .ne 2
 595 .na
 596 \fB\fB%OH\fR\fR
 597 .ad
 598 .RS 7n
 599 Hour (24-hour clock) using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 600 .RE
 601 
 602 .sp
 603 .ne 2
 604 .na
 605 \fB\fB%OI\fR\fR
 606 .ad
 607 .RS 7n
 608 Hour (12-hour clock) using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 609 .RE
 610 
 611 .sp
 612 .ne 2
 613 .na
 614 \fB\fB%Om\fR\fR
 615 .ad
 616 .RS 7n
 617 Month using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 618 .RE
 619 
 620 .sp
 621 .ne 2
 622 .na
 623 \fB\fB%OM\fR\fR
 624 .ad
 625 .RS 7n
 626 Minutes using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 627 .RE
 628 
 629 .sp
 630 .ne 2
 631 .na
 632 \fB\fB%OS\fR\fR
 633 .ad
 634 .RS 7n
 635 Seconds using the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 636 .RE
 637 
 638 .sp
 639 .ne 2
 640 .na
 641 \fB\fB%Ou\fR\fR
 642 .ad
 643 .RS 7n
 644 Weekday as a number in the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 645 .RE
 646 
 647 .sp
 648 .ne 2
 649 .na
 650 \fB\fB%OU\fR\fR
 651 .ad
 652 .RS 7n
 653 Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) using the
 654 locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 655 .RE
 656 
 657 .sp
 658 .ne 2
 659 .na
 660 \fB\fB%Ow\fR\fR
 661 .ad
 662 .RS 7n
 663 Number of the weekday (Sunday=0) using the  locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 664 .RE
 665 
 666 .sp
 667 .ne 2
 668 .na
 669 \fB\fB%OW\fR\fR
 670 .ad
 671 .RS 7n
 672 Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) using the
 673 locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 674 .RE
 675 
 676 .sp
 677 .ne 2
 678 .na
 679 \fB\fB%Oy\fR\fR
 680 .ad
 681 .RS 7n
 682 Year (offset from \fB%C\fR) in the locale's alternate representation and using
 683 the locale's alternate numeric symbols.
 684 .RE
 685 
 686 .SS "Selecting the Output Language"
 687 .LP
 688 These routines produce output that is formatted according to the \fBLC_TIME\fR
 689 locale category.  They use either the current locale, or in the case of
 690 \fBstrftime_l()\fR, the locale supplied by \fIloc\fR.
 691 .SS "Time Zone"
 692 .LP
 693 Local time zone information is used as though \fBtzset\fR(3C) were called.
 694 .SH RETURN VALUES
 695 .LP
 696 These functions return the
 697 number of characters placed into the array pointed to by \fIs\fR, not including
 698 the terminating null character. If the total number of resulting characters
 699 including the terminating null character is more than \fImaxsize\fR,
 700 \fBstrftime()\fR returns \fB0\fR and the contents of the array are
 701 indeterminate.
 702 .SH EXAMPLES
 703 .LP
 704 \fBExample 1 \fRAn example of the \fBstrftime()\fR function.
 705 .LP
 706 The following example illustrates the use of \fBstrftime()\fR for the
 707 \fBPOSIX\fR locale. It shows what the string in \fIstr\fR would look like if
 708 the structure pointed to by \fItmptr\fR contains the values corresponding to
 709 Thursday, August 28, 1986 at 12:44:36.
 710 .nf
 711 .IP
 712 \fBstrftime\fR(\fIstr\fR, \fIstrsize\fR, "%A %b %d %j", \fItmptr\fR);
 713 .fi
 714 .LP
 715 This results in \fIstr\fR containing "Thursday Aug 28 240".
 716 .SH ATTRIBUTES
 717 .LP
 718 See \fBattributes\fR(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
 719 .TS
 720 box;
 721 c | c
 722 l | l .
 723 ATTRIBUTE TYPE  ATTRIBUTE VALUE
 724 _
 725 CSI     Enabled
 726 _
 727 Interface Stability     See below.
 728 _
 729 MT-Level        MT-Safe
 730 _
 731 Standard        See below.
 732 .TE
 733 
 734 .LP
 735 The \fBstrftime()\fR and \fBstrftime_l()\fR functions are Standard.
 736 \fBcftime()\fR and \fBascftime()\fR functions are Committed.
 737 .LP
 738 For \fBstrftime()\fR and \fBstrftime_l()\fR, see \fBstandards\fR(5).
 739 .SH SEE ALSO
 740 .LP
 741 \fBdate\fR(1), \fBctime\fR(3C), \fBmktime\fR(3C),
 742 \fBnewlocale\fR(3C), \fBsetlocale\fR(3C), \fBstrptime\fR(3C), \fBtzset\fR(3C),
 743 \fBuselocale\fR(3C), \fBTIMEZONE\fR(4), \fBzoneinfo\fR(4),
 744 \fBattributes\fR(5), \fBenviron\fR(5), \fBstandards\fR(5)
 745 .SH NOTES
 746 .LP
 747 The conversion specification for \fB%V\fR was changed in the Solaris 7 release.
 748 This change was based on the public review draft of the ISO C9x standard at
 749 that time. Previously, the specification stated that if the week containing 1
 750 January had fewer than four days in the new year, it became week 53 of the
 751 previous year. The ISO C9x standard committee subsequently recognized that that
 752 specification had been incorrect.
 753 .LP
 754 The conversion specifications for \fB%g\fR, \fB%G\fR, \fB%Eg\fR, \fB%EG\fR, and
 755 \fB%Og\fR were added in the Solaris 7 release.  This change was based on the
 756 public review draft of the ISO C9x standard at that time. The \fB%g\fR and
 757 \fB%G\fR specifications were adopted in the formal standard.  The other two
 758 were not, and should not be used in portable applications.
 759 .LP
 760 The conversion specification for \fB%u\fR was changed in the Solaris 8 release.
 761 This change was based on the XPG4 specification.
 762 .LP
 763 If using the \fB%Z\fR specifier and \fBzoneinfo\fR timezones and if the input
 764 date is outside the range 20:45:52 UTC, December  13, 1901 to 03:14:07 UTC,
 765 January 19, 2038, the timezone name may not be correct.
 766 .LP
 767 The conversion specification for \fB%+\fR was added in illumos.
 768 It is not part of any standard, although it is available on a number
 769 of other platforms.
 770 Its use is discouraged for conforming applications.